In 2023, with inflation remaining high, wages continued to rise in nominal terms (current euros), but this was not enough to maintain overall purchasing power. On average, net full-time equivalent wages declined by 0.8% in real terms (constant euros), continuing the downward trend that began in 2022. However, wage developments varied across income levels: due to successive increases in the minimum wage, the purchasing power of low earners slightly improved in 2023. In contrast, wages at the top end of the pay scale declined in real terms. As a result, wage disparities continued to narrow, with the D9/D1 interdecile ratio falling for the third consecutive year, returning to its 2012 level. Meanwhile, the concentration of wages around the minimum wage increased between 2020 and 2023, up to a level not seen in two decades. In 2024, basic monthly wages (excluding bonuses) continued to rise more sharply for blue-collar workers than for managers, once again reflecting a narrowing of the wage gap between socio‑professional categories – albeit less markedly than in the previous two years.