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Informations Rapides · 25 October 2023 · n° 273
Informations rapidesDecline in business births registered in September 2023 Enterprise births - September 2023

In September 2023, the number of business births for all types of enterprises fell back month on month (‑1.2% after +4.1% in August, seasonally and working-day adjusted). This decline was due to a sharp fall in micro-entrepreneurs' registrations (‑3.8% after +5.9%). However, conventional business births continued to rise (+3.7% after +1.0%). The raw number of business births over the last twelve months (October 2022 to September 2023) increased by 1.3% compared to that of the same period one year earlier (October 2021 to September 2022).

Informations rapides
No 273
Paru le :Paru le25/10/2023
Prochaine parution le : 16/05/2025 at 08:45 - April 2025
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Warning

The variations in business births recorded since the beginning of 2023 should be interpreted with great caution. Since 1st January 2023, formalities for registering a business must be carried out on the electronic “one-stop shop” for business formalities. This major change temporarily weakens the monthly monitoring of business births, in particular due to a change in the registration delays in the SIRENE business register. Further information about this change is available on the Documentation tab of the on-line version of this publication.

In September 2023, the number of business births for all types of enterprises fell back month on month (‑1.2% after +4.1% in August, seasonally and working-day adjusted). This decline was due to a sharp fall in micro-entrepreneurs' registrations (‑3.8% after +5.9%). However, conventional business births continued to rise (+3.7% after +1.0%). The raw number of business births over the last twelve months (October 2022 to September 2023) increased by 1.3% compared to that of the same period one year earlier (October 2021 to September 2022).

Business monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)

Business monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)
Conventional businesses Total of entreprise start-ups
2023-09 34147 93346
2023-08 32936 94495
2023-07 32620 90770
2023-06 31716 86681
2023-05 31928 84515
2023-04 32078 87464
2023-03 31516 84288
2023-02 30650 83678
2023-01 31474 83293
2022-12 34743 88314
2022-11 34615 91495
2022-10 34008 89992
2022-09 34906 89503
2022-08 34639 88144
2022-07 34952 87748
2022-06 34408 85634
2022-05 32434 83488
2022-04 34042 85733
2022-03 34665 88260
2022-02 34312 86821
2022-01 34250 90046
2021-12 33603 86838
2021-11 33815 83317
2021-10 33582 85749
2021-09 32441 82292
2021-08 33053 83426
2021-07 34148 84959
2021-06 36911 90939
2021-05 38029 93615
2021-04 34129 88873
2021-03 33810 89804
2021-02 33758 90202
2021-01 34746 88160
2020-12 34036 89590
2020-11 33237 87855
2020-10 32830 85402
2020-09 34038 88564
2020-08 35673 90038
2020-07 31929 86360
2020-06 29697 79034
2020-05 23551 60186
2020-04 14842 36328
2020-03 22722 54237
2020-02 30906 73435
2020-01 30117 74906
2019-12 29664 76907
2019-11 30831 74814
2019-10 30193 73356
2019-09 30462 72567
2019-08 30484 72731
2019-07 30504 71871
2019-06 29297 70205
2019-05 32576 75383
2019-04 30028 69010
2019-03 31336 71730
2019-02 30589 69946
2019-01 31170 70473
2018-12 29308 64318
2018-11 28692 63115
2018-10 29670 65180
2018-09 29616 64659
2018-08 29769 63681
2018-07 29349 62692
2018-06 30304 64945
2018-05 28810 61251
2018-04 29232 61330
2018-03 28830 60687
2018-02 28737 60273
2018-01 28231 58149
2017-12 28813 58418
2017-11 31273 60291
2017-10 29403 57526
2017-09 28278 55537
2017-08 28688 55343
2017-07 28312 56381
2017-06 28169 53843
2017-05 27206 51931
2017-04 27719 52606
2017-03 27585 52731
2017-02 27834 52495
2017-01 28176 52615
2016-12 27778 50171
2016-11 27093 51192
2016-10 25802 49282
2016-09 25951 50003
2016-08 25097 47958
2016-07 25911 49102
2016-06 26030 50027
2016-05 25985 50161
2016-04 25778 50938
2016-03 25941 49015
2016-02 27365 50525
2016-01 26136 49772
2015-12 25398 49618
2015-11 24467 46836
2015-10 24775 48035
2015-09 24863 47879
2015-08 24906 47612
2015-07 23973 46696
2015-06 23578 46310
2015-05 24133 47025
2015-04 24096 48063
2015-03 22468 45787
2015-02 22703 45955
2015-01 23750 46119
2014-12 25043 48681
2014-11 25688 50692
2014-10 24890 48361
2014-09 24944 48758
2014-08 25490 49792
2014-07 25173 49090
2014-06 24662 47293
2014-05 25779 49683
2014-04 25626 48359
2014-03 25343 48290
2014-02 24885 47849
2014-01 25348 48734
2013-12 24619 47155
2013-11 25144 48527
2013-10 25823 48463
2013-09 25117 47681
2013-08 24335 46388
2013-07 24171 46451
2013-06 25170 48135
2013-05 24444 47321
2013-04 24380 47369
2013-03 24930 48039
2013-02 24493 47463
2013-01 23592 45978
2012-12 21784 44480
2012-11 21371 46120
2012-10 21973 46940
2012-09 21741 47015
2012-08 22080 48844
2012-07 22736 48676
2012-06 22382 48954
2012-05 20929 45912
2012-04 21305 46759
2012-03 22320 48576
2012-02 22078 47160
2012-01 23073 48077
2011-12 23619 48546
2011-11 24473 50234
2011-10 22253 45950
2011-09 23546 47899
2011-08 23372 46838
2011-07 23687 48955
2011-06 22349 46757
2011-05 23449 46218
2011-04 23413 46985
2011-03 23251 45605
2011-02 23588 47481
2011-01 23277 46327
2010-12 23101 47349
2010-11 23676 51764
2010-10 23809 54333
2010-09 23893 51176
2010-08 24458 52225
2010-07 23459 51283
2010-06 24354 47546
2010-05 23942 54139
2010-04 23260 53959
2010-03 23226 57882
2010-02 23006 56979
2010-01 24168 56467
2009-12 25057 57042
2009-11 23949 52385
2009-10 23061 51702
2009-09 22911 50951
2009-08 22750 51321
2009-07 22169 50522
2009-06 23275 51701
2009-05 24075 54809
2009-04 23370 50898
2009-03 23904 49603
2009-02 24940 43621
2009-01 24512 37088
  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data

Business monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)

  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
  • Source: INSEE, SIDE.

Business set-ups by month (SA-WDA *)

Business set-ups by month (SA-WDA *)
Jun.23 / May.23 (in %) Jul.23 / Jun.23 (in %) Aug.23 / Jul.23 (in %) Sep.23 / Aug.23 (in %) Sep.23
Total businesses set-ups 2.6 4.7 4.1 -1.2 93,346
Conventional businesses -0.7 2.9 1.0 3.7 34,147
Self-managed micro-entrepreneurs 4.5 5.8 5.9 -3.8 59,199
  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
  • Source : INSEE, SIDE.

Decline in business births over a month

In September 2023, seasonally and working-day adjusted, business births fell back sharply over a month in trade (including trade and repair of motor vehicles, ‑4.3% after +10.6%), as well as in household services (‑5.2% after +3.0%). They decreased sharply in education, human health and social work activities (‑6.1% after ‑0.6%). However, they rose again in business support activities (+1.2% after +3.0%), accommodation and food service activities (+5.6% after +1.9%) and construction (+2.0% after +3.0%).

Sharp rise in business births in Q3 2023

The raw number of business set up in Q3 2023 rose sharply, in comparison with Q3 2022 (+3.6%). This increase was due to micro-entrepreneurs’ registrations, which grew strongly (+9.1%). Conversely, company births (‑4.1%) and conventional sole proprietorships’ births (‑7.4%) decreased markedly. Micro-entrepreneurs’ registrations accounted for 64.8% of creations over the last three months.

Over this period, transportation and storage activities made the largest positive contribution to the overall increase (+4,600 business births compared to the third quarter of 2022 representing a contribution* of +1.9 points). Within this sector, the rise was due in particular to that in “other postal and courier activities” (+3,000 business births over Q3 2023), which includes in particular home delivery.

* The contribution of a sector to the overall variation is the variation observed in this sector, weighted by the share of this sector in the total number of births.

Increase in business births over the last twelve months

The raw number of business births totted up over the last twelve months (from October 2022 to September 2023) increased (+1.3% year on year). This rise was due to that of micro-entrepreneurs’ registrations (+4.7%). Conversely, company births decreased sharply (‑3.0%) and conventional sole proprietorships’ births even more (‑6.0%).

Cumulated business start-ups by type

Raw data
Cumulated business start-ups by type (Raw data)
Moving total % change * Moving total for the first 9 months of the year
Over 3 months over 12 months 2023 2022
Total 3.6 1.3 783,555 785,243
Companies -4.1 -3.0 202,867 215,793
Conventional sole proprietorships -7.4 -6.0 84,290 91,516
Self-managed micro-entrepreneurs 9.1 4.7 496,398 477,934
  • *Total of business start-ups during the last 3 or 12 months compared with the same months a year earlier
  • Source : INSEE, SIDE.

64.8% of business births in the last three months were micro-entrepreneurs

% of all business births (raw data)
64.8% of business births in the last three months were micro-entrepreneurs (% of all business births (raw data))
In % September 2023 Cumulative births over the last 3 months (July 2023 to September 2023) Cumulative births over the last 12 months (October 2022 to September 2023) Cumulative births over the last 12 months, one year ago (October 2021 to September 2022)
Companies 22.6 24.0 26.4 27.6
Sole proprietorships excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs 10.2 11.2 10.8 11.6
Self-managed micro-entrepreneurs 67.3 64.8 62.8 60.8
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
  • Source : INSEE, SIDE.

Trade and business support activities monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)

Trade and business support activities monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)
Trade Business support activities
2023-09 13221 24116
2023-08 13811 23838
2023-07 12489 23137
2023-06 11809 22808
2023-05 11657 21929
2023-04 12191 22922
2023-03 11757 22211
2023-02 11642 21799
2023-01 11540 21515
2022-12 12110 22706
2022-11 12519 23177
2022-10 12247 24121
2022-09 12515 23081
2022-08 12056 23199
2022-07 12433 22752
2022-06 12038 21919
2022-05 11109 21530
2022-04 12172 21572
2022-03 12337 21909
2022-02 12713 21524
2022-01 12731 22997
2021-12 12515 21338
2021-11 12568 19375
2021-10 13020 20289
2021-09 12926 19260
2021-08 13080 19084
2021-07 13963 19027
2021-06 14960 20434
2021-05 16027 20791
2021-04 15152 19302
2021-03 15518 18197
2021-02 15864 18449
2021-01 17183 17934
2020-12 17253 18639
2020-11 17261 18229
2020-10 16393 18038
2020-09 17192 18555
2020-08 18475 18934
2020-07 18063 17688
2020-06 16004 16798
2020-05 13675 14036
2020-04 7883 9260
2020-03 9092 13433
2020-02 13239 16008
2020-01 13295 16805
2019-12 12515 17847
2019-11 13091 16963
2019-10 12557 16809
2019-09 12720 16895
2019-08 12847 16609
2019-07 12542 16935
2019-06 12190 16409
2019-05 13221 17896
2019-04 12660 15449
2019-03 13262 15994
2019-02 12864 15726
2019-01 13501 15548
2018-12 11814 14731
2018-11 12023 13645
2018-10 12332 14654
2018-09 12613 14378
2018-08 12531 14336
2018-07 12521 14147
2018-06 12705 14519
2018-05 11901 13947
2018-04 12009 13557
2018-03 11901 13696
2018-02 11858 13398
2018-01 11534 12960
2017-12 11880 12795
2017-11 12087 13301
2017-10 12289 12850
2017-09 11846 12291
2017-08 11755 12265
2017-07 11247 12643
2017-06 11119 12099
2017-05 10678 11481
2017-04 10967 11431
2017-03 10840 11216
2017-02 10998 11046
2017-01 11516 10879
2016-12 10185 10845
2016-11 10542 10847
2016-10 9854 10481
2016-09 10115 10826
2016-08 9432 10298
2016-07 9882 10273
2016-06 10280 10385
2016-05 10520 10440
2016-04 10506 10733
2016-03 10741 9903
2016-02 12146 10298
2016-01 10392 10412
2015-12 10139 10500
2015-11 9657 9584
2015-10 9995 10000
2015-09 9844 9768
2015-08 9696 9698
2015-07 9729 9669
2015-06 9556 9423
2015-05 10020 9402
2015-04 10000 9948
2015-03 9271 9564
2015-02 9462 9664
2015-01 9359 9662
2014-12 10094 9988
2014-11 10521 10187
2014-10 10011 9950
2014-09 10045 10073
2014-08 10207 10427
2014-07 10247 10115
2014-06 9521 9899
2014-05 10292 10220
2014-04 9991 9907
2014-03 9979 9855
2014-02 9842 9786
2014-01 10181 9875
2013-12 9802 9566
2013-11 10234 9670
2013-10 10351 9664
2013-09 10367 9483
2013-08 10249 9231
2013-07 10081 9400
2013-06 10473 9619
2013-05 9989 9531
2013-04 10027 9746
2013-03 10460 9621
2013-02 10216 9600
2013-01 9604 9273
2012-12 9434 9040
2012-11 9440 9351
2012-10 9515 9503
2012-09 9702 9287
2012-08 9828 10241
2012-07 9807 10033
2012-06 9846 9918
2012-05 9346 9544
2012-04 9376 9717
2012-03 9701 10091
2012-02 9565 9624
2012-01 9849 9678
2011-12 10095 9992
2011-11 10033 10468
2011-10 9375 9419
2011-09 10190 9772
2011-08 9643 9553
2011-07 10150 10797
2011-06 9944 9826
2011-05 9665 9351
2011-04 10084 9877
2011-03 9643 9380
2011-02 10118 10055
2011-01 9732 9827
2010-12 9817 10080
2010-11 10505 11179
2010-10 10970 12065
2010-09 10900 10766
2010-08 10920 11027
2010-07 10665 11333
2010-06 10218 9954
2010-05 11291 11741
2010-04 11321 11695
2010-03 11997 12550
2010-02 11983 12115
2010-01 11921 12272
2009-12 12328 11961
2009-11 11439 10903
2009-10 11490 10998
2009-09 11213 10873
2009-08 11200 11066
2009-07 11393 10775
2009-06 11262 11152
2009-05 12039 11642
2009-04 11180 10890
2009-03 10863 11035
2009-02 10098 8537
2009-01 9204 6782
  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data

Trade and business support activities monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)

  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
  • Source: INSEE, SIDE.

Construction and transportation business monthly set-ups (SA-WDA*)

Construction and transportation business monthly set-ups (SA-WDA*)
Construction Transportation and storage
2023-09 7882 8423
2023-08 7730 8313
2023-07 7507 7870
2023-06 7031 6749
2023-05 7220 6593
2023-04 7260 6460
2023-03 7185 5768
2023-02 7319 6085
2023-01 7772 6317
2022-12 8069 7285
2022-11 8333 6571
2022-10 8290 6349
2022-09 8021 6271
2022-08 7786 6649
2022-07 7860 6324
2022-06 7867 6441
2022-05 7570 6055
2022-04 7796 6276
2022-03 8067 7139
2022-02 7656 7209
2022-01 7856 7507
2021-12 7838 7706
2021-11 7707 7842
2021-10 7724 8157
2021-09 7439 8757
2021-08 7637 9183
2021-07 7537 8470
2021-06 8033 9902
2021-05 7861 12007
2021-04 7750 13044
2021-03 7705 14159
2021-02 7696 12935
2021-01 7676 11279
2020-12 7930 11179
2020-11 8790 11033
2020-10 7815 11011
2020-09 8085 11204
2020-08 8441 10581
2020-07 7904 10860
2020-06 7340 10926
2020-05 4913 6469
2020-04 2937 2736
2020-03 5027 4549
2020-02 7464 6327
2020-01 7358 6661
2019-12 7476 6090
2019-11 7559 6642
2019-10 7291 7041
2019-09 7232 6432
2019-08 7116 6365
2019-07 7360 6340
2019-06 6844 6969
2019-05 6942 7370
2019-04 6421 6990
2019-03 6470 7820
2019-02 6352 7511
2019-01 6352 7141
2018-12 5925 6891
2018-11 5855 6622
2018-10 6014 6409
2018-09 5972 6349
2018-08 5961 6249
2018-07 6010 6019
2018-06 6154 6041
2018-05 5586 5597
2018-04 5940 5361
2018-03 5801 4907
2018-02 5851 4713
2018-01 5454 4668
2017-12 5590 4515
2017-11 5940 4214
2017-10 5659 3678
2017-09 5344 3194
2017-08 5456 3278
2017-07 5553 3670
2017-06 5400 3217
2017-05 5380 3032
2017-04 5291 3080
2017-03 5381 3133
2017-02 5324 3312
2017-01 5366 3157
2016-12 5049 3004
2016-11 5140 2850
2016-10 5106 3081
2016-09 5298 2973
2016-08 5309 2489
2016-07 5309 2996
2016-06 5445 2884
2016-05 5362 2786
2016-04 5538 2698
2016-03 5341 2419
2016-02 5223 2324
2016-01 5495 2412
2015-12 5469 2553
2015-11 5385 2340
2015-10 5348 2334
2015-09 5795 2007
2015-08 5708 1771
2015-07 5524 1560
2015-06 5502 1591
2015-05 5658 1563
2015-04 5623 1700
2015-03 5414 1883
2015-02 5379 1222
2015-01 5463 1166
2014-12 5968 1296
2014-11 6217 2214
2014-10 6287 1218
2014-09 6291 1239
2014-08 6235 1344
2014-07 6381 1233
2014-06 6317 1094
2014-05 6575 1115
2014-04 6765 1090
2014-03 6670 1111
2014-02 7002 1133
2014-01 6881 1160
2013-12 6704 1087
2013-11 6847 1004
2013-10 6984 1004
2013-09 6542 1000
2013-08 6407 980
2013-07 6530 976
2013-06 6820 1025
2013-05 6835 1026
2013-04 6672 921
2013-03 6822 935
2013-02 6604 906
2013-01 6527 852
2012-12 6422 783
2012-11 6961 819
2012-10 7314 857
2012-09 7459 828
2012-08 7573 915
2012-07 7517 967
2012-06 7403 943
2012-05 6653 786
2012-04 6925 854
2012-03 7137 855
2012-02 6818 808
2012-01 7089 806
2011-12 6988 791
2011-11 7585 807
2011-10 6799 852
2011-09 7022 822
2011-08 7300 930
2011-07 6858 826
2011-06 6857 797
2011-05 6931 821
2011-04 6773 845
2011-03 6791 812
2011-02 6777 798
2011-01 6568 818
2010-12 7020 780
2010-11 7923 827
2010-10 8037 845
2010-09 7714 847
2010-08 7460 807
2010-07 7148 819
2010-06 6726 778
2010-05 7975 854
2010-04 7849 821
2010-03 8517 921
2010-02 8464 846
2010-01 8126 883
2009-12 8117 765
2009-11 7564 723
2009-10 7388 759
2009-09 7323 709
2009-08 7012 756
2009-07 7148 724
2009-06 6976 769
2009-05 6911 823
2009-04 6659 741
2009-03 6265 719
2009-02 6009 710
2009-01 4939 647
  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data

Construction and transportation business monthly set-ups (SA-WDA*)

  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
  • Source: INSEE, SIDE.

Number of monthly business set-ups (incl. self-managed micro-entrepreneurs)

SA-WDA *
Number of monthly business set-ups (incl. self-managed micro-entrepreneurs) (SA-WDA *)
NA Jul-23 Aug-23 Sep-23
Total 90,770 94,495 93,346
Industry BE 5,407 5,605 5,616
Of which Manufacturing C 3,482 3,822 3,788
Construction FZ 7,507 7,730 7,882
Wholesale and retail trade, Transport, Accommodation and Food and beverage activities GI 23,690 25,518 25,228
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles G 12,489 13,811 13,221
Transportation and storage H 7,870 8,313 8,422
Accommodation and food service activities I 3,331 3,394 3,584
Information and communication JZ 5,700 6,312 5,840
Financial and insurance activities KZ 2,815 2,849 2,970
Real estate activities LZ 3,292 3,177 3,328
Business support activities MN 23,137 23,838 24,116
Education, human health and social work activities PQ 8,987 8,929 8,382
Other services activities RS 10,234 10,537 9,985
  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
  • Source : INSEE, SIDE.

Fluctuation in the number of business set-ups (incl. self-managed micro-entrepreneurs)

In %
Fluctuation in the number of business set-ups (incl. self-managed micro-entrepreneurs) (In %) - ** Total of business start-ups during the last 3 or 12 months compared with the same months a year earlier
NA September-23/August-23 Moving total % change**
SA-WDA * over 3 months over 12 months
Total -1.2 3.6 1.3
Industry BE 0.2 4.4 10.9
Of which Manufacturing C -0.9 2.2 -0.7
Construction FZ 2.0 -3.8 -2.3
Wholesale and retail trade, Transport, Accommodation and Food and beverage activities GI -1.1 12.8 -0.5
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles G -4.3 5.7 -1.3
Transportation and storage H 1.3 26.6 -2.9
Accommodation and food service activities I 5.6 11.5 8.6
Information and communication JZ -7.5 13.8 10.7
Financial and insurance activities KZ 4.2 -2.9 -4.3
Real estate activities LZ 4.7 -12.5 -6.1
Business support activities MN 1.2 2.2 5.1
Education, human health and social work activities PQ -6.1 -1.7 -6.2
Other services activities RS -5.2 1.0 2.0
  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
  • ** Total of business start-ups during the last 3 or 12 months compared with the same months a year earlier
  • Source : INSEE, SIDE.

Revisions

The monthly variation in the total number of business births in August 2023 has been revised downwards by 0.1 points, to +4.1%.

For further information

The business births data are build from the Business Demography Information System (SIDE) which replaces the Register of Enterprises and Establishments (REE). This information system is itself supplied with data from SIRENE and enriched with elements from the SIRUS statistical register.

The definition of creation adopted by INSEE is based on the concept defined by Eurostat, to harmonize and compare European data. The appearance of a market producer legal unit with no predecessor is considered to be a newly created enterprise by Eurostat. This concept of creation relies on new production resources.

Starting from the data relating to January 2009, the business start-up statistics include applications for start-ups as micro-entrepreneurs. Since this date, sole proprietorships excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs are called conventional sole proprietorships and start-ups excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs are called conventional businesses.

From the January 2022 publication, business births are calculated according to a revised scheme. This has led to an increase in the level of historic series of business births.

Time series can be accessed at the bottom of the web version this publication, and further information on methodology is available on the Documentation tab.

Next issue: 24 November 2023 at 8:45 am.

Documentation

Note on Methodology 2024 (2024.pdf,252 Ko)

Overhaul of the system for calculating business start-ups (pdf,102 Ko)

Fact sheet - effect of the new Electronic Business Formalities Counter (pdf,195 Ko)

Business start-ups

Aggregated classification - NA, 2008

Pour en savoir plus

The business births data are build from the Business Demography Information System (SIDE) which replaces the Register of Enterprises and Establishments (REE). This information system is itself supplied with data from SIRENE and enriched with elements from the SIRUS statistical register.

The definition of creation adopted by INSEE is based on the concept defined by Eurostat, to harmonize and compare European data. The appearance of a market producer legal unit with no predecessor is considered to be a newly created enterprise by Eurostat. This concept of creation relies on new production resources.

Starting from the data relating to January 2009, the business start-up statistics include applications for start-ups as micro-entrepreneurs. Since this date, sole proprietorships excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs are called conventional sole proprietorships and start-ups excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs are called conventional businesses.

From the January 2022 publication, business births are calculated according to a revised scheme. This has led to an increase in the level of historic series of business births.

Time series can be accessed at the bottom of the web version this publication, and further information on methodology is available on the Documentation tab.

Next issue: 24 November 2023 at 8:45 am.

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Time series : Business demography

Business Demography Information System (SIDE)