Informations Rapides ·
18 December 2025 · n° 318
In December 2025, the business climate in building construction has slightly brightened Monthly survey of building - December 2025
According to business managers surveyed in December 2025, the business climate in the construction sector has slightly brightened. At 96, the synthetic indicator has gained one point but remains below its long-term average (100). Building contractors’ opinion on their past and expected activity has improved compared with November, and the capacity utilisation rate has rebounded.
- The balance of opinion of entrepreneurs on their expected activity has rebounded; the one regarding their past activity has increased
- The balance of opinion on order books has slightly rebounded
- The production capacity utilisation rate has recovered
- The balance of opinion on expected prices has increased
- Opinion on expected workforce size has brightened
- Revisions
- For further information
According to business managers surveyed in December 2025, the business climate in the construction sector has slightly brightened. At 96, the synthetic indicator has gained one point but remains below its long-term average (100). Building contractors’ opinion on their past and expected activity has improved compared with November, and the capacity utilisation rate has rebounded.
tableauBusiness climate composite indicator
| Business climate composite indicator | |
|---|---|
| 2025-12 | 96.4 |
| 2025-11 | 95.4 |
| 2025-10 | 95.8 |
| 2025-09 | 97.9 |
| 2025-08 | 97.5 |
| 2025-07 | 95.8 |
| 2025-06 | 96.5 |
| 2025-05 | 96.4 |
| 2025-04 | 93.2 |
| 2025-03 | 94.4 |
| 2025-02 | 94.5 |
| 2025-01 | 94.7 |
| 2024-12 | 94.6 |
| 2024-11 | 95.4 |
| 2024-10 | 95.9 |
| 2024-09 | 96.6 |
| 2024-08 | 97.2 |
| 2024-07 | 95.2 |
| 2024-06 | 97.3 |
| 2024-05 | 98.8 |
| 2024-04 | 97.8 |
| 2024-03 | 100.2 |
| 2024-02 | 99.9 |
| 2024-01 | 99.4 |
| 2023-12 | 99.2 |
| 2023-11 | 99.9 |
| 2023-10 | 100.0 |
| 2023-09 | 102.4 |
| 2023-08 | 102.6 |
| 2023-07 | 101.8 |
| 2023-06 | 103.2 |
| 2023-05 | 104.1 |
| 2023-04 | 105.0 |
| 2023-03 | 105.1 |
| 2023-02 | 105.8 |
| 2023-01 | 106.4 |
| 2022-12 | 107.0 |
| 2022-11 | 105.4 |
| 2022-10 | 106.7 |
| 2022-09 | 105.5 |
| 2022-08 | 105.6 |
| 2022-07 | 105.4 |
| 2022-06 | 106.3 |
| 2022-05 | 105.1 |
| 2022-04 | 107.4 |
| 2022-03 | 108.4 |
| 2022-02 | 108.4 |
| 2022-01 | 106.1 |
| 2021-12 | 110.0 |
| 2021-11 | 108.4 |
| 2021-10 | 107.5 |
| 2021-09 | 109.6 |
| 2021-08 | 108.8 |
| 2021-07 | 109.0 |
| 2021-06 | 109.3 |
| 2021-05 | 107.3 |
| 2021-04 | 105.7 |
| 2021-03 | 104.6 |
| 2021-02 | 101.4 |
| 2021-01 | 101.3 |
| 2020-12 | 99.5 |
| 2020-11 | 99.0 |
| 2020-10 | 104.5 |
| 2020-09 | 101.3 |
| 2020-08 | 97.2 |
| 2020-07 | 85.8 |
| 2020-06 | 76.9 |
| 2020-05 | 69.9 |
| 2020-04 | 81.4 |
| 2020-03 | 109.3 |
| 2020-02 | 109.2 |
| 2020-01 | 107.5 |
| 2019-12 | 107.5 |
| 2019-11 | 108.4 |
| 2019-10 | 109.7 |
| 2019-09 | 109.2 |
| 2019-08 | 108.2 |
| 2019-07 | 108.5 |
| 2019-06 | 108.2 |
| 2019-05 | 107.4 |
| 2019-04 | 108.2 |
| 2019-03 | 108.6 |
| 2019-02 | 108.4 |
| 2019-01 | 107.5 |
| 2018-12 | 106.4 |
| 2018-11 | 105.2 |
| 2018-10 | 104.9 |
| 2018-09 | 104.7 |
| 2018-08 | 106.0 |
| 2018-07 | 105.7 |
| 2018-06 | 105.6 |
| 2018-05 | 106.2 |
| 2018-04 | 107.1 |
| 2018-03 | 107.7 |
| 2018-02 | 108.0 |
| 2018-01 | 108.8 |
| 2017-12 | 108.2 |
| 2017-11 | 107.0 |
| 2017-10 | 104.6 |
| 2017-09 | 105.5 |
| 2017-08 | 104.4 |
| 2017-07 | 104.6 |
| 2017-06 | 105.0 |
| 2017-05 | 102.9 |
| 2017-04 | 99.8 |
| 2017-03 | 100.5 |
| 2017-02 | 100.4 |
| 2017-01 | 101.9 |
| 2016-12 | 98.5 |
| 2016-11 | 100.9 |
| 2016-10 | 100.7 |
| 2016-09 | 98.5 |
| 2016-08 | 97.6 |
| 2016-07 | 96.8 |
| 2016-06 | 96.7 |
| 2016-05 | 96.8 |
| 2016-04 | 94.8 |
| 2016-03 | 93.8 |
| 2016-02 | 92.4 |
| 2016-01 | 93.8 |
| 2015-12 | 94.4 |
| 2015-11 | 91.4 |
| 2015-10 | 92.3 |
| 2015-09 | 91.9 |
| 2015-08 | 92.2 |
| 2015-07 | 89.7 |
| 2015-06 | 89.6 |
| 2015-05 | 88.1 |
| 2015-04 | 88.7 |
| 2015-03 | 86.5 |
| 2015-02 | 85.7 |
| 2015-01 | 86.6 |
| 2014-12 | 87.4 |
| 2014-11 | 87.3 |
| 2014-10 | 84.4 |
| 2014-09 | 85.4 |
| 2014-08 | 87.3 |
| 2014-07 | 89.2 |
| 2014-06 | 91.2 |
| 2014-05 | 90.8 |
| 2014-04 | 91.0 |
| 2014-03 | 91.7 |
| 2014-02 | 91.2 |
| 2014-01 | 91.0 |
| 2013-12 | 90.6 |
| 2013-11 | 93.0 |
| 2013-10 | 93.2 |
| 2013-09 | 94.0 |
| 2013-08 | 91.6 |
| 2013-07 | 89.3 |
| 2013-06 | 87.7 |
| 2013-05 | 88.1 |
| 2013-04 | 87.2 |
| 2013-03 | 88.6 |
| 2013-02 | 89.4 |
| 2013-01 | 89.7 |
| 2012-12 | 90.3 |
| 2012-11 | 89.6 |
| 2012-10 | 90.3 |
| 2012-09 | 92.5 |
| 2012-08 | 92.9 |
| 2012-07 | 93.4 |
| 2012-06 | 94.3 |
| 2012-05 | 94.4 |
| 2012-04 | 96.5 |
| 2012-03 | 97.7 |
| 2012-02 | 97.9 |
| 2012-01 | 99.0 |
| 2011-12 | 97.8 |
| 2011-11 | 98.0 |
| 2011-10 | 99.5 |
| 2011-09 | 99.8 |
| 2011-08 | 101.4 |
| 2011-07 | 104.1 |
| 2011-06 | 103.4 |
| 2011-05 | 103.0 |
| 2011-04 | 103.9 |
| 2011-03 | 101.5 |
| 2011-02 | 100.0 |
| 2011-01 | 97.8 |
| 2010-12 | 98.0 |
| 2010-11 | 96.2 |
| 2010-10 | 95.3 |
| 2010-09 | 93.6 |
| 2010-08 | 94.5 |
| 2010-07 | 93.7 |
| 2010-06 | 92.0 |
| 2010-05 | 90.5 |
| 2010-04 | 88.9 |
| 2010-03 | 88.6 |
| 2010-02 | 89.5 |
| 2010-01 | 88.4 |
| 2009-12 | 88.2 |
| 2009-11 | 88.4 |
| 2009-10 | 89.0 |
| 2009-09 | 87.6 |
| 2009-08 | 86.3 |
| 2009-07 | 84.9 |
| 2009-06 | 84.8 |
| 2009-05 | 85.4 |
| 2009-04 | 85.4 |
| 2009-03 | 87.0 |
| 2009-02 | 84.1 |
| 2009-01 | 89.2 |
| 2008-12 | 89.3 |
| 2008-11 | 92.2 |
| 2008-10 | 93.2 |
| 2008-09 | 100.5 |
| 2008-08 | 102.2 |
| 2008-07 | 101.6 |
| 2008-06 | 104.0 |
| 2008-05 | 107.8 |
| 2008-04 | 110.0 |
| 2008-03 | 111.4 |
| 2008-02 | 112.1 |
| 2008-01 | 110.6 |
| 2007-12 | 112.4 |
| 2007-11 | 112.7 |
| 2007-10 | 112.4 |
| 2007-09 | 113.5 |
| 2007-08 | 113.5 |
| 2007-07 | 115.1 |
| 2007-06 | 115.1 |
| 2007-05 | 114.0 |
| 2007-04 | 114.0 |
| 2007-03 | 113.3 |
| 2007-02 | 112.3 |
| 2007-01 | 112.8 |
| 2006-12 | 113.8 |
| 2006-11 | 113.7 |
| 2006-10 | 114.1 |
| 2006-09 | 113.8 |
| 2006-08 | 113.0 |
| 2006-07 | 113.2 |
| 2006-06 | 112.4 |
| 2006-05 | 112.7 |
| 2006-04 | 112.1 |
| 2006-03 | 111.2 |
| 2006-02 | 110.6 |
| 2006-01 | 112.7 |
| 2005-12 | 112.5 |
| 2005-11 | 112.9 |
| 2005-10 | 111.7 |
| 2005-09 | 110.0 |
| 2005-08 | 109.8 |
| 2005-07 | 110.2 |
| 2005-06 | 109.5 |
| 2005-05 | 107.7 |
| 2005-04 | 107.9 |
| 2005-03 | 107.3 |
| 2005-02 | 107.6 |
| 2005-01 | 107.9 |
| 2004-12 | 108.1 |
| 2004-11 | 108.7 |
| 2004-10 | 107.1 |
| 2004-09 | 106.7 |
| 2004-08 | 106.4 |
| 2004-07 | 106.5 |
| 2004-06 | 104.3 |
| 2004-05 | 105.1 |
| 2004-04 | 105.8 |
| 2004-03 | 104.8 |
| 2004-02 | 103.9 |
| 2004-01 | 104.9 |
| 2003-12 | 101.7 |
| 2003-11 | 100.1 |
| 2003-10 | 97.5 |
| 2003-09 | 100.7 |
| 2003-08 | 97.8 |
| 2003-07 | 95.2 |
| 2003-06 | 94.5 |
| 2003-05 | 94.6 |
| 2003-04 | 94.1 |
| 2003-03 | 92.9 |
| 2003-02 | 94.6 |
| 2003-01 | 94.5 |
| 2002-12 | 93.3 |
| 2002-11 | 94.4 |
| 2002-10 | 95.8 |
| 2002-09 | 97.3 |
| 2002-08 | 98.2 |
| 2002-07 | 99.4 |
| 2002-06 | 103.4 |
| 2002-05 | 103.2 |
| 2002-04 | 99.7 |
| 2002-03 | 103.0 |
| 2002-02 | 102.0 |
| 2002-01 | 100.6 |
| 2001-12 | 101.7 |
| 2001-11 | 102.1 |
| 2001-10 | 103.3 |
| 2001-09 | 103.8 |
| 2001-08 | 105.5 |
| 2001-07 | 107.3 |
| 2001-06 | 109.1 |
| 2001-05 | 110.9 |
| 2001-04 | 111.2 |
| 2001-03 | 115.6 |
| 2001-02 | 117.2 |
| 2001-01 | 116.5 |
| 2000-12 | 118.9 |
| 2000-11 | 121.9 |
| 2000-10 | 122.9 |
| 2000-09 | 122.9 |
| 2000-08 | 122.9 |
| 2000-07 | 122.8 |
| 2000-06 | 121.1 |
| 2000-05 | 119.5 |
| 2000-04 | 122.6 |
| 2000-03 | 118.9 |
| 2000-02 | 117.9 |
| 2000-01 | 119.4 |
| 1999-12 | 118.3 |
| 1999-11 | 114.3 |
| 1999-10 | 113.9 |
| 1999-09 | 113.2 |
| 1999-08 | 112.7 |
| 1999-07 | 112.1 |
| 1999-06 | 110.0 |
| 1999-05 | 111.5 |
| 1999-04 | 109.4 |
| 1999-03 | 107.2 |
| 1999-02 | 105.6 |
| 1999-01 | 106.1 |
| 1998-12 | 100.1 |
| 1998-11 | 105.8 |
| 1998-10 | 105.4 |
| 1998-09 | 108.7 |
| 1998-08 | 108.2 |
| 1998-07 | 107.7 |
| 1998-06 | 106.0 |
| 1998-05 | 103.4 |
| 1998-04 | 100.8 |
| 1998-03 | 102.4 |
| 1998-02 | 100.0 |
| 1998-01 | 98.1 |
graphiqueBusiness climate composite indicator
- Source: INSEE.
tableauBuilding industry economic outlook
| Average* | Sept. 25 | Oct. 25 | Nov. 25 | Dec. 25 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Composite indicator | 100 | 98 | 96 | 95 | 96 |
| Past activity | -3 | -8 | -13 | -13 | -12 |
| Expected activity | -4 | -5 | -8 | -10 | -7 |
| General business outlook **** | -15 | -22 | |||
| Past employment | -4 | -6 | -5 | -5 | -3 |
| Expected employment | -1 | 3 | -1 | -3 | -1 |
| Opinion on order books | -21 | -29 | -32 | -34 | -33 |
| Production capacity utilisation rate (in %) | 89 | 89.2 | 89.8 | 88.9 | 89.4 |
| Obstacles to production increase (in %) ** | 65 | 58 | 60 | 60 | 58 |
| Because of an insufficient demand (in %) ** | 31 | 36 | 38 | 38 | 35 |
| Because of workforce shortage (in %) ** | 29 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 24 |
| Because of supply difficulties (in %) ** | 6 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Production bottlenecks (in %) | 35 | 37 | 39 | 36 | 37 |
| Recruiting problems (in %) **** | 61 | 64 | |||
| Expected prices | -8 | -9 | -11 | -11 | -9 |
| Cash-flow position **** | -10 | -13 | |||
| Payment delays **** | 30 | 37 | |||
| Economic uncertainty felt *** | 10 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 10 |
- *Average since April 1978 for the composite indicator, since September 1993 for the balances of opinion, since April 2021 for the balances of opinion on the economic uncertainty felt.
- ** Non-seasonally adjusted percentage of weighted responses.
- *** Non-seasonally adjusted balance of opinion.
- **** Balance of opinion from the quarterly section of the survey.
- Source: INSEE, French business survey in the building industry.
The balance of opinion of entrepreneurs on their expected activity has rebounded; the one regarding their past activity has increased
In December 2025, construction entrepreneurs’ opinion on their expected activity has improved: the corresponding balance has rebounded and has moved closer to its long-term average. The balance relating to past activity has increased, but remains well below its long-term average.
tableauActivity tendency in building construction
| Expected activity | Past activity | |
|---|---|---|
| 2025-12 | -6.8 | -11.5 |
| 2025-11 | -9.8 | -12.8 |
| 2025-10 | -8.3 | -13.2 |
| 2025-09 | -5.3 | -8.0 |
| 2025-08 | -2.8 | -11.2 |
| 2025-07 | -9.7 | -12.2 |
| 2025-06 | -6.3 | -12.4 |
| 2025-05 | -5.0 | -13.0 |
| 2025-04 | -13.7 | -18.2 |
| 2025-03 | -11.2 | -15.6 |
| 2025-02 | -10.9 | -15.4 |
| 2025-01 | -11.0 | -15.4 |
| 2024-12 | -13.7 | -13.8 |
| 2024-11 | -12.6 | -12.8 |
| 2024-10 | -13.2 | -10.6 |
| 2024-09 | -9.8 | -10.7 |
| 2024-08 | -9.8 | -9.0 |
| 2024-07 | -16.0 | -12.5 |
| 2024-06 | -9.1 | -10.4 |
| 2024-05 | -6.4 | -6.3 |
| 2024-04 | -11.3 | -7.2 |
| 2024-03 | -2.8 | -3.6 |
| 2024-02 | -1.9 | -5.7 |
| 2024-01 | -5.7 | -5.4 |
| 2023-12 | -8.4 | -4.6 |
| 2023-11 | -6.1 | -3.4 |
| 2023-10 | -5.5 | -3.4 |
| 2023-09 | -0.2 | 0.5 |
| 2023-08 | -0.4 | 1.1 |
| 2023-07 | -2.4 | -0.5 |
| 2023-06 | 2.6 | 0.9 |
| 2023-05 | 0.2 | 4.9 |
| 2023-04 | 4.2 | 5.2 |
| 2023-03 | 3.8 | 5.9 |
| 2023-02 | 6.7 | 6.3 |
| 2023-01 | 6.0 | 8.2 |
| 2022-12 | 8.5 | 8.8 |
| 2022-11 | 4.5 | 5.5 |
| 2022-10 | 7.5 | 7.7 |
| 2022-09 | 7.5 | 4.7 |
| 2022-08 | 4.5 | 5.1 |
| 2022-07 | 3.9 | 5.5 |
| 2022-06 | 5.8 | 7.3 |
| 2022-05 | 8.2 | 2.3 |
| 2022-04 | 7.6 | 10.0 |
| 2022-03 | 12.2 | 10.9 |
| 2022-02 | 12.0 | 10.4 |
| 2022-01 | 7.6 | 5.2 |
| 2021-12 | 18.2 | 11.4 |
| 2021-11 | 10.8 | 10.9 |
| 2021-10 | 12.3 | 7.8 |
| 2021-09 | 16.6 | 11.7 |
| 2021-08 | 10.3 | 12.7 |
| 2021-07 | 10.4 | 13.1 |
| 2021-06 | 12.5 | 13.7 |
| 2021-05 | 13.7 | 7.0 |
| 2021-04 | 9.4 | 4.7 |
| 2021-03 | 8.4 | 1.9 |
| 2021-02 | -2.2 | -0.5 |
| 2021-01 | -0.8 | -1.1 |
| 2020-12 | -6.3 | -0.9 |
| 2020-11 | -17.1 | 0.6 |
| 2020-10 | 1.7 | 8.7 |
| 2020-09 | 5.4 | -3.7 |
| 2020-08 | 11.5 | -21.1 |
| 2020-07 | 18.8 | -61.5 |
| 2020-06 | 4.4 | -81.0 |
| 2020-05 | -47.2 | -76.3 |
| 2020-04 | -81.2 | -24.2 |
| 2020-03 | 6.6 | 17.1 |
| 2020-02 | 14.2 | 12.3 |
| 2020-01 | 10.0 | 9.7 |
| 2019-12 | 9.1 | 8.8 |
| 2019-11 | 9.2 | 11.9 |
| 2019-10 | 15.9 | 13.1 |
| 2019-09 | 12.4 | 13.3 |
| 2019-08 | 12.1 | 10.2 |
| 2019-07 | 11.5 | 12.3 |
| 2019-06 | 14.5 | 8.9 |
| 2019-05 | 12.7 | 7.6 |
| 2019-04 | 12.8 | 10.4 |
| 2019-03 | 14.0 | 11.0 |
| 2019-02 | 14.7 | 10.3 |
| 2019-01 | 15.1 | 7.7 |
| 2018-12 | 11.2 | 6.5 |
| 2018-11 | 10.6 | 3.9 |
| 2018-10 | 9.6 | 4.0 |
| 2018-09 | 9.5 | 3.1 |
| 2018-08 | 5.6 | 9.3 |
| 2018-07 | 7.4 | 7.6 |
| 2018-06 | 12.1 | 4.7 |
| 2018-05 | 12.9 | 7.1 |
| 2018-04 | 13.5 | 9.9 |
| 2018-03 | 11.6 | 12.7 |
| 2018-02 | 10.8 | 14.0 |
| 2018-01 | 13.2 | 14.8 |
| 2017-12 | 14.1 | 12.7 |
| 2017-11 | 13.9 | 9.7 |
| 2017-10 | 7.9 | 5.5 |
| 2017-09 | 9.1 | 9.1 |
| 2017-08 | 14.5 | 2.3 |
| 2017-07 | 11.5 | 4.9 |
| 2017-06 | 3.4 | 10.9 |
| 2017-05 | 2.1 | 5.0 |
| 2017-04 | 5.9 | -7.1 |
| 2017-03 | 2.6 | -1.9 |
| 2017-02 | -0.5 | -1.0 |
| 2017-01 | -2.8 | 5.6 |
| 2016-12 | -0.8 | -5.5 |
| 2016-11 | 1.6 | 0.6 |
| 2016-10 | 3.7 | -0.4 |
| 2016-09 | 0.5 | -6.1 |
| 2016-08 | -3.3 | -6.7 |
| 2016-07 | -0.2 | -9.8 |
| 2016-06 | -2.7 | -8.6 |
| 2016-05 | -2.1 | -8.1 |
| 2016-04 | -5.1 | -13.6 |
| 2016-03 | -9.3 | -14.1 |
| 2016-02 | -16.1 | -15.2 |
| 2016-01 | -8.2 | -14.6 |
| 2015-12 | -8.0 | -11.7 |
| 2015-11 | -20.7 | -15.3 |
| 2015-10 | -15.2 | -14.5 |
| 2015-09 | -13.3 | -16.9 |
| 2015-08 | -8.8 | -18.1 |
| 2015-07 | -16.4 | -22.2 |
| 2015-06 | -20.4 | -19.9 |
| 2015-05 | -26.4 | -21.7 |
| 2015-04 | -24.0 | -20.8 |
| 2015-03 | -24.4 | -27.6 |
| 2015-02 | -23.7 | -30.3 |
| 2015-01 | -32.7 | -23.0 |
| 2014-12 | -27.9 | -23.1 |
| 2014-11 | -24.7 | -25.3 |
| 2014-10 | -29.9 | -31.8 |
| 2014-09 | -30.0 | -29.7 |
| 2014-08 | -27.4 | -25.0 |
| 2014-07 | -28.1 | -18.2 |
| 2014-06 | -17.6 | -18.2 |
| 2014-05 | -19.6 | -19.0 |
| 2014-04 | -22.4 | -17.5 |
| 2014-03 | -18.7 | -17.3 |
| 2014-02 | -20.7 | -17.4 |
| 2014-01 | -15.6 | -20.7 |
| 2013-12 | -18.6 | -20.2 |
| 2013-11 | -16.4 | -13.0 |
| 2013-10 | -15.5 | -13.3 |
| 2013-09 | -12.4 | -13.2 |
| 2013-08 | -19.7 | -16.7 |
| 2013-07 | -22.4 | -22.2 |
| 2013-06 | -24.0 | -26.5 |
| 2013-05 | -21.4 | -26.7 |
| 2013-04 | -24.6 | -28.1 |
| 2013-03 | -24.4 | -23.9 |
| 2013-02 | -22.1 | -23.3 |
| 2013-01 | -24.3 | -21.6 |
| 2012-12 | -21.9 | -20.5 |
| 2012-11 | -24.5 | -21.2 |
| 2012-10 | -25.9 | -18.3 |
| 2012-09 | -20.3 | -15.0 |
| 2012-08 | -19.3 | -15.2 |
| 2012-07 | -16.8 | -15.0 |
| 2012-06 | -14.0 | -13.5 |
| 2012-05 | -14.8 | -13.4 |
| 2012-04 | -12.0 | -8.6 |
| 2012-03 | -10.7 | -5.6 |
| 2012-02 | -12.5 | -3.8 |
| 2012-01 | -10.6 | -1.6 |
| 2011-12 | -11.6 | -4.4 |
| 2011-11 | -9.8 | -4.3 |
| 2011-10 | -4.7 | -2.2 |
| 2011-09 | -4.3 | -0.7 |
| 2011-08 | 0.8 | 1.5 |
| 2011-07 | 5.0 | 8.2 |
| 2011-06 | 4.4 | 6.3 |
| 2011-05 | 2.0 | 6.1 |
| 2011-04 | 4.9 | 8.3 |
| 2011-03 | 2.8 | 1.6 |
| 2011-02 | 3.0 | -3.8 |
| 2011-01 | -1.0 | -8.5 |
| 2010-12 | -0.9 | -7.8 |
| 2010-11 | -0.5 | -12.8 |
| 2010-10 | -4.2 | -13.1 |
| 2010-09 | -12.7 | -13.2 |
| 2010-08 | -10.3 | -12.7 |
| 2010-07 | -11.4 | -14.0 |
| 2010-06 | -15.2 | -17.5 |
| 2010-05 | -17.6 | -20.7 |
| 2010-04 | -18.1 | -25.4 |
| 2010-03 | -18.2 | -26.2 |
| 2010-02 | -18.6 | -23.7 |
| 2010-01 | -20.1 | -26.6 |
| 2009-12 | -20.1 | -26.5 |
| 2009-11 | -20.4 | -26.2 |
| 2009-10 | -21.1 | -24.9 |
| 2009-09 | -24.5 | -28.3 |
| 2009-08 | -26.5 | -31.2 |
| 2009-07 | -31.4 | -33.3 |
| 2009-06 | -33.5 | -33.1 |
| 2009-05 | -34.2 | -29.2 |
| 2009-04 | -36.7 | -30.1 |
| 2009-03 | -36.9 | -24.3 |
| 2009-02 | -47.1 | -25.8 |
| 2009-01 | -35.2 | -19.5 |
| 2008-12 | -30.7 | -21.0 |
| 2008-11 | -36.1 | -11.4 |
| 2008-10 | -33.0 | -10.7 |
| 2008-09 | -9.3 | -0.9 |
| 2008-08 | -4.5 | 0.3 |
| 2008-07 | -5.2 | -0.3 |
| 2008-06 | -4.1 | 4.9 |
| 2008-05 | 9.8 | 9.6 |
| 2008-04 | 9.2 | 16.2 |
| 2008-03 | 17.4 | 15.7 |
| 2008-02 | 14.9 | 18.0 |
| 2008-01 | 7.3 | 18.7 |
| 2007-12 | 16.6 | 19.2 |
| 2007-11 | 13.6 | 21.4 |
| 2007-10 | 16.2 | 19.5 |
| 2007-09 | 19.6 | 20.6 |
| 2007-08 | 18.4 | 20.7 |
| 2007-07 | 19.7 | 25.0 |
| 2007-06 | 21.1 | 24.9 |
| 2007-05 | 20.3 | 22.3 |
| 2007-04 | 20.1 | 24.1 |
| 2007-03 | 17.7 | 22.6 |
| 2007-02 | 18.5 | 19.9 |
| 2007-01 | 21.0 | 20.1 |
| 2006-12 | 20.3 | 22.0 |
| 2006-11 | 23.4 | 20.5 |
| 2006-10 | 21.3 | 22.9 |
| 2006-09 | 19.1 | 22.6 |
| 2006-08 | 17.5 | 20.6 |
| 2006-07 | 17.3 | 21.2 |
| 2006-06 | 14.3 | 21.4 |
| 2006-05 | 17.1 | 21.0 |
| 2006-04 | 15.6 | 20.1 |
| 2006-03 | 16.1 | 17.6 |
| 2006-02 | 19.9 | 13.5 |
| 2006-01 | 19.8 | 20.4 |
| 2005-12 | 19.7 | 20.2 |
| 2005-11 | 23.0 | 19.2 |
| 2005-10 | 18.5 | 18.1 |
| 2005-09 | 13.5 | 15.4 |
| 2005-08 | 14.1 | 14.6 |
| 2005-07 | 15.0 | 15.3 |
| 2005-06 | 16.4 | 12.6 |
| 2005-05 | 12.7 | 9.2 |
| 2005-04 | 13.3 | 9.8 |
| 2005-03 | 13.0 | 8.4 |
| 2005-02 | 8.9 | 11.6 |
| 2005-01 | 11.2 | 11.1 |
graphiqueActivity tendency in building construction
- Source: INSEE.
Contractors' opinion on their expected activity is nonetheless contrasted when distinguishing by type of construction work. The balance of opinion relating to expected activity for dwelling constructions has decreased again, moving away from its long-term average; however, it remains well above the level observed last February, when it had reached its lowest point over the past ten years (excluding the COVID-19 pandemic). By contrast, the balances relating to the maintenance-improvement activity and non-dwelling construction have increased, both moving back above their respective long-term average.
The economic uncertainty felt by building managers has fallen back and has returned to its long-term average.
tableauExpected activity in the building construction
| Other new buildings | New dwelling | Maintenance and improvement | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-12 | -7.0 | -23.7 | 3.6 |
| 2025-11 | -10.5 | -20.3 | -0.6 |
| 2025-10 | -10.1 | -12.2 | -4.3 |
| 2025-09 | -12.7 | -23.2 | 5.8 |
| 2025-08 | -8.0 | -17.3 | 7.1 |
| 2025-07 | -17.6 | -10.8 | 2.9 |
| 2025-06 | -11.3 | -18.0 | 3.2 |
| 2025-05 | -16.3 | -23.0 | 4.8 |
| 2025-04 | -21.4 | -27.9 | -7.1 |
| 2025-03 | -23.2 | -33.7 | 4.9 |
| 2025-02 | -20.3 | -38.7 | 6.0 |
| 2025-01 | -17.1 | -34.1 | 7.2 |
| 2024-12 | -18.8 | -37.6 | 3.4 |
| 2024-11 | -15.8 | -35.8 | 3.6 |
| 2024-10 | -18.3 | -36.7 | 1.5 |
| 2024-09 | -17.2 | -35.7 | -0.5 |
| 2024-08 | -12.4 | -34.6 | 3.4 |
| 2024-07 | -20.4 | -36.4 | -0.4 |
| 2024-06 | -13.5 | -34.5 | 1.6 |
| 2024-05 | -14.5 | -35.4 | 4.0 |
| 2024-04 | -13.5 | -36.5 | -2.5 |
| 2024-03 | -9.3 | -33.9 | 7.8 |
| 2024-02 | -10.2 | -31.2 | 12.9 |
| 2024-01 | -13.5 | -35.8 | 17.5 |
| 2023-12 | -10.7 | -31.4 | 8.4 |
| 2023-11 | -8.5 | -29.7 | 7.6 |
| 2023-10 | -6.4 | -32.5 | 9.8 |
| 2023-09 | -5.6 | -25.1 | 13.4 |
| 2023-08 | 0.9 | -23.7 | 10.9 |
| 2023-07 | 0.5 | -25.1 | 10.1 |
| 2023-06 | -3.8 | -13.2 | 10.4 |
| 2023-05 | -2.8 | -24.2 | 6.3 |
| 2023-04 | -1.5 | -15.8 | 13.7 |
| 2023-03 | -4.1 | -15.2 | 10.8 |
| 2023-02 | 0.4 | -13.0 | 15.1 |
| 2023-01 | 1.5 | -11.8 | 24.2 |
| 2022-12 | 1.8 | -9.4 | 18.1 |
| 2022-11 | 1.0 | -10.8 | 12.7 |
| 2022-10 | 1.5 | -7.3 | 16.6 |
| 2022-09 | -0.5 | -7.0 | 13.8 |
| 2022-08 | -4.3 | -5.3 | 15.6 |
| 2022-07 | -2.7 | -9.2 | 14.4 |
| 2022-06 | -2.7 | -4.7 | 7.7 |
| 2022-05 | 1.6 | -2.5 | 15.6 |
| 2022-04 | -3.1 | -2.6 | 23.1 |
| 2022-03 | 7.2 | 3.9 | 15.7 |
| 2022-02 | 8.3 | 6.5 | 16.0 |
| 2022-01 | 9.1 | 5.4 | 11.1 |
| 2021-12 | 11.2 | 14.8 | 19.3 |
| 2021-11 | 5.1 | 8.5 | 21.1 |
| 2021-10 | 5.5 | 1.9 | 16.8 |
| 2021-09 | 9.9 | 10.5 | 20.3 |
| 2021-08 | 6.6 | 5.5 | 16.5 |
| 2021-07 | 2.1 | 11.0 | 16.0 |
| 2021-06 | 6.6 | 4.0 | 19.3 |
| 2021-05 | 4.6 | 7.4 | 21.2 |
| 2021-04 | -4.0 | 4.1 | 15.2 |
| 2021-03 | -0.6 | 3.8 | 16.4 |
| 2021-02 | -5.9 | -7.0 | 7.3 |
| 2021-01 | -12.1 | 1.9 | 3.8 |
| 2020-12 | -10.6 | 2.2 | 4.9 |
| 2020-11 | -9.6 | -16.4 | -16.5 |
| 2020-10 | -8.7 | 6.2 | 2.8 |
| 2020-09 | -2.4 | 1.9 | -3.9 |
| 2020-08 | -3.6 | 4.1 | 43.1 |
| 2020-07 | 12.0 | 10.7 | 61.9 |
| 2020-06 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 25.9 |
| 2020-05 | -44.8 | -45.9 | -13.3 |
| 2020-04 | -93.8 | -87.5 | -55.4 |
| 2020-03 | 4.4 | -5.8 | 15.0 |
| 2020-02 | 7.8 | 0.6 | 12.1 |
| 2020-01 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 8.4 |
| 2019-12 | -2.2 | 4.5 | 9.6 |
| 2019-11 | 3.6 | 5.7 | 10.6 |
| 2019-10 | 9.1 | 13.5 | 11.0 |
| 2019-09 | 10.7 | 4.1 | 13.2 |
| 2019-08 | 11.7 | 1.6 | 12.5 |
| 2019-07 | 13.5 | 0.7 | 13.3 |
| 2019-06 | 15.9 | 3.2 | 17.8 |
| 2019-05 | 13.6 | 2.0 | 15.4 |
| 2019-04 | 20.2 | 0.4 | 12.7 |
| 2019-03 | 12.7 | 0.7 | 14.2 |
| 2019-02 | 12.4 | 1.4 | 15.6 |
| 2019-01 | 14.8 | 2.8 | 13.3 |
| 2018-12 | 8.5 | 4.5 | 10.3 |
| 2018-11 | 8.1 | 4.9 | 11.5 |
| 2018-10 | 9.3 | -1.4 | 13.9 |
| 2018-09 | 6.7 | -2.9 | 11.3 |
| 2018-08 | 5.1 | -1.9 | 11.2 |
| 2018-07 | 7.7 | 2.9 | 13.5 |
| 2018-06 | 12.5 | 5.6 | 12.6 |
| 2018-05 | 13.9 | 4.1 | 11.9 |
| 2018-04 | 20.1 | 9.8 | 10.0 |
| 2018-03 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 10.1 |
| 2018-02 | 6.2 | 9.9 | 10.7 |
| 2018-01 | 6.9 | 9.1 | 14.5 |
| 2017-12 | 8.5 | 6.5 | 15.4 |
| 2017-11 | 14.6 | 5.8 | 13.6 |
| 2017-10 | 1.7 | 7.2 | 8.1 |
| 2017-09 | 15.1 | 7.5 | 14.8 |
| 2017-08 | 9.2 | 11.6 | 11.7 |
| 2017-07 | 14.9 | 13.4 | 8.2 |
| 2017-06 | -0.1 | 9.8 | -1.2 |
| 2017-05 | 0.5 | 11.8 | 2.1 |
| 2017-04 | 10.1 | 10.5 | 6.4 |
| 2017-03 | -4.5 | 3.3 | 10.9 |
| 2017-02 | -8.9 | 6.3 | 1.5 |
| 2017-01 | -15.7 | 2.6 | 1.2 |
| 2016-12 | -1.9 | 0.9 | 1.8 |
| 2016-11 | 12.4 | -1.3 | 3.2 |
| 2016-10 | 6.7 | 2.0 | 7.6 |
| 2016-09 | -2.3 | 3.5 | 0.6 |
| 2016-08 | -6.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 |
| 2016-07 | -0.7 | -2.9 | 4.2 |
| 2016-06 | -14.8 | -11.5 | 0.8 |
| 2016-05 | -17.4 | -5.0 | 2.4 |
| 2016-04 | -8.4 | -8.3 | 0.1 |
| 2016-03 | -11.8 | -10.4 | -1.3 |
| 2016-02 | -28.7 | -11.8 | -4.1 |
| 2016-01 | -17.2 | -11.5 | -5.2 |
| 2015-12 | -6.3 | -14.6 | -3.3 |
| 2015-11 | -23.8 | -12.9 | -8.3 |
| 2015-10 | -30.0 | -7.5 | -8.9 |
| 2015-09 | -24.2 | -16.1 | -10.7 |
| 2015-08 | -26.2 | -18.4 | 1.4 |
| 2015-07 | -22.1 | -23.3 | -15.1 |
| 2015-06 | -19.2 | -20.8 | -13.4 |
| 2015-05 | -18.6 | -27.7 | -18.0 |
| 2015-04 | -29.7 | -27.4 | -15.7 |
| 2015-03 | -26.3 | -27.9 | -18.5 |
| 2015-02 | -21.2 | -42.6 | -14.9 |
| 2015-01 | -31.9 | -39.7 | -19.1 |
| 2014-12 | -35.1 | -32.5 | -17.8 |
| 2014-11 | -32.3 | -27.4 | -18.1 |
| 2014-10 | -30.0 | -36.8 | -19.5 |
| 2014-09 | -31.5 | -37.4 | -19.5 |
| 2014-08 | -28.6 | -37.1 | -17.9 |
| 2014-07 | -31.4 | -33.7 | -16.3 |
| 2014-06 | -16.0 | -36.1 | -15.5 |
| 2014-05 | -14.0 | -31.1 | -11.7 |
| 2014-04 | -20.0 | -32.2 | -16.3 |
| 2014-03 | -22.4 | -27.0 | -10.2 |
| 2014-02 | -28.6 | -28.1 | -13.9 |
| 2014-01 | -24.1 | -26.6 | -9.1 |
| 2013-12 | -24.6 | -26.4 | -14.0 |
| 2013-11 | -31.4 | -22.2 | -11.8 |
| 2013-10 | -27.2 | -24.7 | -5.6 |
| 2013-09 | -16.9 | -24.9 | -10.8 |
| 2013-08 | -27.3 | -29.8 | -19.2 |
| 2013-07 | -32.2 | -32.0 | -16.5 |
| 2013-06 | -31.7 | -29.2 | -18.7 |
| 2013-05 | -32.5 | -32.0 | -15.6 |
| 2013-04 | -34.0 | -33.7 | -13.8 |
| 2013-03 | -31.9 | -33.6 | -14.2 |
| 2013-02 | -22.9 | -33.1 | -16.3 |
| 2013-01 | -23.8 | -32.8 | -14.8 |
| 2012-12 | -20.7 | -34.4 | -12.0 |
| 2012-11 | -21.3 | -37.2 | -10.6 |
| 2012-10 | -22.4 | -38.0 | -14.1 |
| 2012-09 | -22.1 | -33.2 | -7.3 |
| 2012-08 | -19.0 | -32.0 | -4.9 |
| 2012-07 | -15.8 | -31.9 | -4.0 |
| 2012-06 | -13.7 | -28.2 | -3.2 |
| 2012-05 | -16.3 | -38.6 | -10.0 |
| 2012-04 | -11.2 | -31.8 | -6.1 |
| 2012-03 | -10.9 | -29.2 | -7.8 |
| 2012-02 | -14.4 | -19.1 | -6.6 |
| 2012-01 | -11.9 | -16.5 | -7.4 |
| 2011-12 | -15.9 | -15.8 | -7.2 |
| 2011-11 | -12.8 | -15.3 | -2.6 |
| 2011-10 | -10.7 | -6.7 | 4.7 |
| 2011-09 | -7.1 | -6.7 | -2.7 |
| 2011-08 | -2.1 | 0.4 | -2.2 |
| 2011-07 | 1.3 | 5.4 | 0.6 |
| 2011-06 | -5.0 | 2.7 | 2.8 |
| 2011-05 | -3.2 | 3.9 | 3.1 |
| 2011-04 | -3.3 | 13.5 | 1.8 |
| 2011-03 | -4.8 | 9.1 | 2.6 |
| 2011-02 | -3.7 | 7.9 | 8.3 |
| 2011-01 | -5.9 | 5.2 | 3.3 |
| 2010-12 | -7.0 | 14.2 | -2.5 |
| 2010-11 | -2.9 | 2.4 | -1.8 |
| 2010-10 | -10.1 | -0.5 | -3.1 |
| 2010-09 | -17.1 | -4.8 | -20.7 |
| 2010-08 | -21.8 | -17.4 | -1.8 |
| 2010-07 | -27.2 | -11.0 | -4.9 |
| 2010-06 | -30.8 | -12.6 | -7.0 |
| 2010-05 | -32.1 | -13.5 | -5.1 |
| 2010-04 | -33.4 | -14.1 | -6.5 |
| 2010-03 | -32.9 | -17.8 | -7.4 |
| 2010-02 | -31.6 | -19.7 | -6.4 |
| 2010-01 | -34.0 | -19.5 | -8.8 |
| 2009-12 | -30.6 | -18.6 | -8.4 |
| 2009-11 | -29.4 | -20.3 | -10.9 |
| 2009-10 | -30.3 | -27.1 | -9.2 |
| 2009-09 | -34.3 | -31.6 | -11.7 |
| 2009-08 | -38.5 | -36.8 | -15.2 |
| 2009-07 | -39.8 | -39.0 | -17.6 |
| 2009-06 | -42.2 | -44.0 | -18.0 |
| 2009-05 | -41.0 | -39.0 | -21.8 |
| 2009-04 | -40.4 | -43.3 | -19.6 |
| 2009-03 | -38.3 | -48.6 | -20.7 |
| 2009-02 | -39.4 | -65.5 | -29.1 |
| 2009-01 | -27.1 | -53.9 | -13.1 |
| 2008-12 | -35.2 | -51.8 | -13.3 |
| 2008-11 | -31.0 | -44.4 | -10.9 |
| 2008-10 | -24.7 | -48.3 | -7.3 |
| 2008-09 | -14.6 | -27.0 | -2.6 |
| 2008-08 | -8.4 | -25.5 | 0.6 |
| 2008-07 | -1.1 | -23.5 | 2.0 |
| 2008-06 | 3.0 | -20.1 | 4.5 |
| 2008-05 | 11.9 | -9.1 | 7.2 |
| 2008-04 | 15.1 | -9.7 | 10.5 |
| 2008-03 | 13.7 | -0.3 | 25.8 |
| 2008-02 | 17.9 | 1.0 | 17.9 |
| 2008-01 | 8.8 | -1.1 | 12.2 |
| 2007-12 | 16.4 | 4.2 | 18.5 |
| 2007-11 | 14.2 | 3.5 | 14.2 |
| 2007-10 | 17.8 | 8.7 | 15.4 |
| 2007-09 | 21.5 | 9.4 | 14.3 |
| 2007-08 | 21.7 | 8.5 | 15.4 |
| 2007-07 | 22.3 | 9.5 | 17.4 |
| 2007-06 | 24.0 | 13.0 | 18.6 |
| 2007-05 | 21.7 | 8.1 | 20.6 |
| 2007-04 | 16.3 | 8.7 | 19.2 |
| 2007-03 | 13.2 | 9.6 | 14.5 |
| 2007-02 | 19.7 | 13.4 | 15.5 |
| 2007-01 | 23.4 | 17.4 | 19.9 |
| 2006-12 | 26.9 | 9.8 | 14.2 |
| 2006-11 | 24.3 | 15.2 | 14.1 |
| 2006-10 | 19.8 | 14.9 | 15.1 |
| 2006-09 | 14.7 | 14.1 | 12.3 |
| 2006-08 | 11.4 | 16.5 | 13.1 |
| 2006-07 | 8.9 | 20.1 | 14.2 |
| 2006-06 | 9.7 | 15.7 | 12.6 |
| 2006-05 | 10.7 | 13.4 | 13.7 |
| 2006-04 | 14.3 | 13.4 | 10.5 |
| 2006-03 | 15.9 | 20.1 | 12.4 |
| 2006-02 | 16.3 | 19.0 | 13.0 |
| 2006-01 | 14.4 | 22.4 | 11.7 |
| 2005-12 | 17.8 | 26.1 | 13.2 |
| 2005-11 | 15.5 | 25.8 | 14.2 |
| 2005-10 | 12.6 | 13.9 | 11.5 |
| 2005-09 | 4.9 | 14.0 | 9.5 |
| 2005-08 | 5.4 | 13.3 | 8.0 |
| 2005-07 | 7.4 | 13.2 | 6.8 |
| 2005-06 | 8.1 | 21.1 | 12.3 |
| 2005-05 | 5.0 | 17.1 | 6.6 |
| 2005-04 | 11.2 | 18.8 | 6.0 |
| 2005-03 | 8.7 | 16.1 | 5.7 |
| 2005-02 | -4.6 | 14.7 | 7.9 |
| 2005-01 | -10.8 | 11.9 | 9.1 |
graphiqueExpected activity in the building construction
- Source: INSEE.
The balance of opinion on order books has slightly rebounded
In December 2025, the balance of opinion relating to the level of building construction managers' order books has rebounded slightly, after reaching in November its lowest level since December 2016 (including COVID-19 pandemic). It remains well below its long term-average.
The production capacity utilisation rate has recovered
In December 2025, 37% of companies report being at the limit of their production capacity (production bottlenecks), meaning that they would not be able to produce more with their current resources even if they received more orders. Up by one percentage point, this share has moved away from its long-term average (35%).
The production capacity utilisation rate has rebounded. It stands at 89.4% and has returned above its long-term average.
Business managers are fewer than in the previous month to report facing obstacles limiting their production: at 58%, this proportion has moved away from its long-term average. Also, fewer contractors than in the previous month report facing insufficient demand (35%), a share still above its long-term average. Similarly, they are fewer than in the previous month to report not being able to increase production due to workforce shortages: at 24%, this proportion stands below its long-term average.
The share of companies that report facing supply-side difficulties only has slightly increased (23%), while the share that reports facing demand-side difficulties only has slightly fallen back (19%).
tableauType of difficulties encountered by companies
| Demand difficulties only | Supply difficulties only | |
|---|---|---|
| 2025-12 | 18.9 | 22.5 |
| 2025-11 | 20.0 | 21.8 |
| 2025-10 | 18.9 | 22.0 |
| 2025-09 | 18.2 | 22.0 |
| 2025-08 | 19.3 | 24.6 |
| 2025-07 | 19.4 | 24.0 |
| 2025-06 | 18.6 | 22.6 |
| 2025-05 | 20.2 | 20.9 |
| 2025-04 | 20.8 | 21.2 |
| 2025-03 | 20.5 | 22.5 |
| 2025-02 | 19.3 | 22.3 |
| 2025-01 | 17.8 | 23.8 |
| 2024-12 | 18.3 | 23.9 |
| 2024-11 | 19.6 | 24.2 |
| 2024-10 | 17.3 | 26.2 |
| 2024-09 | 17.8 | 25.2 |
| 2024-08 | 16.2 | 27.1 |
| 2024-07 | 13.7 | 28.4 |
| 2024-06 | 16.5 | 30.3 |
| 2024-05 | 15.3 | 29.3 |
| 2024-04 | 13.8 | 29.6 |
| 2024-03 | 13.1 | 28.9 |
| 2024-02 | 12.9 | 31.0 |
| 2024-01 | 12.4 | 31.7 |
| 2023-12 | 14.2 | 31.2 |
| 2023-11 | 12.5 | 32.7 |
| 2023-10 | 9.6 | 36.2 |
| 2023-09 | 9.8 | 37.9 |
| 2023-08 | 9.7 | 39.3 |
| 2023-07 | 8.6 | 39.0 |
| 2023-06 | 9.3 | 41.1 |
| 2023-05 | 7.8 | 41.6 |
| 2023-04 | 7.1 | 43.8 |
| 2023-03 | 7.3 | 42.9 |
| 2023-02 | 6.2 | 46.1 |
| 2023-01 | 5.8 | 46.6 |
| 2022-12 | 4.7 | 48.0 |
| 2022-11 | 4.7 | 49.4 |
| 2022-10 | 4.8 | 52.9 |
| 2022-09 | 5.3 | 49.8 |
| 2022-08 | 6.1 | 51.7 |
| 2022-07 | 6.8 | 51.6 |
| 2022-06 | 4.4 | 51.3 |
| 2022-05 | 4.2 | 54.3 |
| 2022-04 | 4.5 | 53.5 |
| 2022-03 | 6.1 | 54.0 |
| 2022-02 | 5.5 | 50.4 |
| 2022-01 | 6.9 | 53.1 |
| 2021-12 | 6.5 | 56.3 |
| 2021-11 | 8.3 | 51.6 |
| 2021-10 | 6.3 | 51.5 |
| 2021-09 | 8.4 | 50.8 |
| 2021-08 | 9.2 | 51.5 |
| 2021-07 | 8.1 | 48.8 |
| 2021-06 | 9.0 | 45.6 |
| 2021-05 | 10.5 | 41.6 |
| 2021-04 | 12.5 | 41.0 |
| 2021-03 | 12.6 | 39.0 |
| 2021-02 | 13.9 | 35.2 |
| 2021-01 | 13.0 | 34.2 |
| 2020-12 | 12.4 | 32.2 |
| 2020-11 | 15.4 | 38.4 |
| 2020-10 | 14.2 | 36.3 |
| 2020-09 | 14.3 | 36.1 |
| 2020-08 | 13.7 | 37.4 |
| 2020-07 | 13.0 | 38.3 |
| 2020-06 | 11.7 | 43.9 |
| 2020-05 | 3.4 | 56.9 |
| 2020-04 | 2.1 | 63.9 |
| 2020-03 | 7.8 | 41.6 |
| 2020-02 | 10.2 | 41.9 |
| 2020-01 | 10.6 | 43.1 |
| 2019-12 | 11.0 | 42.4 |
| 2019-11 | 11.0 | 41.3 |
| 2019-10 | 11.0 | 45.9 |
| 2019-09 | 11.2 | 44.9 |
| 2019-08 | 11.3 | 44.3 |
| 2019-07 | 11.3 | 45.1 |
| 2019-06 | 10.8 | 43.4 |
| 2019-05 | 11.5 | 42.0 |
| 2019-04 | 11.3 | 41.2 |
| 2019-03 | 13.8 | 40.4 |
| 2019-02 | 14.0 | 41.0 |
| 2019-01 | 12.0 | 37.3 |
| 2018-12 | 16.0 | 40.7 |
| 2018-11 | 15.6 | 37.9 |
| 2018-10 | 17.4 | 36.1 |
| 2018-09 | 17.2 | 36.3 |
| 2018-08 | 16.7 | 35.3 |
| 2018-07 | 16.4 | 34.3 |
| 2018-06 | 18.7 | 34.5 |
| 2018-05 | 18.6 | 33.0 |
| 2018-04 | 16.2 | 35.0 |
| 2018-03 | 18.9 | 30.6 |
| 2018-02 | 18.8 | 29.5 |
| 2018-01 | 20.4 | 28.7 |
| 2017-12 | 20.6 | 28.8 |
| 2017-11 | 22.0 | 28.4 |
| 2017-10 | 21.2 | 26.3 |
| 2017-09 | 20.9 | 23.7 |
| 2017-08 | 23.7 | 23.0 |
| 2017-07 | 22.3 | 22.8 |
| 2017-06 | 25.5 | 20.4 |
| 2017-05 | 27.2 | 22.0 |
| 2017-04 | 28.6 | 19.5 |
| 2017-03 | 27.1 | 18.7 |
| 2017-02 | 26.7 | 17.5 |
| 2017-01 | 28.1 | 18.4 |
| 2016-12 | 31.4 | 18.1 |
| 2016-11 | 31.5 | 17.2 |
| 2016-10 | 32.9 | 16.2 |
| 2016-09 | 34.0 | 16.7 |
| 2016-08 | 33.4 | 16.1 |
| 2016-07 | 34.9 | 13.8 |
| 2016-06 | 36.6 | 14.3 |
| 2016-05 | 37.8 | 13.3 |
| 2016-04 | 37.3 | 13.4 |
| 2016-03 | 38.2 | 15.7 |
| 2016-02 | 37.0 | 14.5 |
| 2016-01 | 38.6 | 12.6 |
| 2015-12 | 40.0 | 13.5 |
| 2015-11 | 39.5 | 13.1 |
| 2015-10 | 39.9 | 13.9 |
| 2015-09 | 38.4 | 13.8 |
| 2015-08 | 35.9 | 14.5 |
| 2015-07 | 37.6 | 12.8 |
| 2015-06 | 37.7 | 13.5 |
| 2015-05 | 37.7 | 12.5 |
| 2015-04 | 37.6 | 11.5 |
| 2015-03 | 38.5 | 12.9 |
| 2015-02 | 37.5 | 12.9 |
| 2015-01 | 38.7 | 12.8 |
| 2014-12 | 39.3 | 13.7 |
| 2014-11 | 36.5 | 13.7 |
| 2014-10 | 37.5 | 15.0 |
| 2014-09 | 33.6 | 14.6 |
| 2014-08 | 32.3 | 15.7 |
| 2014-07 | 32.8 | 15.3 |
| 2014-06 | 32.8 | 15.0 |
| 2014-05 | 31.9 | 15.8 |
| 2014-04 | 31.2 | 15.3 |
| 2014-03 | 31.3 | 16.0 |
| 2014-02 | 32.6 | 16.1 |
| 2014-01 | 31.3 | 18.3 |
| 2013-12 | 32.5 | 19.0 |
| 2013-11 | 32.6 | 17.3 |
| 2013-10 | 31.8 | 18.3 |
| 2013-09 | 30.3 | 19.3 |
| 2013-08 | 29.2 | 19.2 |
| 2013-07 | 27.4 | 18.9 |
| 2013-06 | 27.9 | 18.6 |
| 2013-05 | 29.0 | 17.3 |
| 2013-04 | 28.8 | 17.0 |
| 2013-03 | 28.2 | 17.8 |
| 2013-02 | 26.6 | 17.4 |
| 2013-01 | 27.0 | 18.4 |
| 2012-12 | 27.4 | 15.6 |
| 2012-11 | 27.1 | 16.2 |
| 2012-10 | 28.6 | 18.3 |
| 2012-09 | 27.2 | 17.5 |
| 2012-08 | 27.4 | 17.9 |
| 2012-07 | 22.5 | 20.0 |
| 2012-06 | 24.1 | 19.4 |
| 2012-05 | 28.1 | 20.1 |
| 2012-04 | 25.3 | 21.9 |
| 2012-03 | 22.1 | 21.3 |
| 2012-02 | 12.0 | 9.6 |
| 2012-01 | 16.9 | 12.0 |
| 2011-12 | 14.0 | 10.4 |
| 2011-11 | 16.0 | 10.8 |
| 2011-10 | 17.7 | 12.4 |
| 2011-09 | 14.1 | 8.4 |
| 2011-08 | 15.3 | 10.2 |
| 2011-07 | 17.8 | 11.5 |
| 2011-06 | 13.9 | 9.8 |
| 2011-05 | 14.9 | 10.6 |
| 2011-04 | 20.6 | 13.7 |
| 2011-03 | 15.5 | 10.3 |
| 2011-02 | 14.8 | 12.2 |
| 2011-01 | 16.2 | 13.2 |
| 2010-12 | 17.0 | 11.5 |
| 2010-11 | 18.8 | 10.7 |
| 2010-10 | 20.8 | 11.7 |
| 2010-09 | 19.1 | 11.9 |
| 2010-08 | 19.5 | 11.6 |
| 2010-07 | 24.7 | 10.8 |
| 2010-06 | 22.7 | 7.4 |
| 2010-05 | 24.7 | 9.4 |
| 2010-04 | 27.6 | 9.9 |
| 2010-03 | 23.3 | 9.9 |
| 2010-02 | 23.5 | 9.0 |
| 2010-01 | 25.6 | 10.2 |
| 2009-12 | 26.9 | 9.3 |
| 2009-11 | 26.4 | 9.7 |
| 2009-10 | 25.2 | 9.1 |
| 2009-09 | 25.9 | 9.5 |
| 2009-08 | 27.4 | 9.6 |
| 2009-07 | 26.6 | 9.3 |
| 2009-06 | 26.0 | 7.9 |
| 2009-05 | 25.4 | 8.6 |
| 2009-04 | 25.6 | 10.1 |
| 2009-03 | 18.4 | 9.1 |
| 2009-02 | 20.2 | 11.3 |
| 2009-01 | 17.1 | 16.9 |
| 2008-12 | 15.3 | 12.3 |
| 2008-11 | 14.5 | 15.9 |
| 2008-10 | 12.2 | 21.0 |
| 2008-09 | 9.6 | 21.5 |
| 2008-08 | 7.6 | 24.3 |
| 2008-07 | 7.3 | 30.3 |
| 2008-06 | 6.3 | 26.7 |
| 2008-05 | 6.6 | 29.9 |
| 2008-04 | 5.6 | 36.8 |
| 2008-03 | 5.0 | 32.7 |
| 2008-02 | 4.9 | 33.2 |
| 2008-01 | 4.8 | 43.8 |
| 2007-12 | 4.7 | 36.3 |
| 2007-11 | 4.3 | 39.6 |
| 2007-10 | 5.0 | 45.3 |
| 2007-09 | 3.5 | 41.4 |
| 2007-08 | 4.0 | 45.6 |
| 2007-07 | 4.6 | 49.8 |
| 2007-06 | 4.5 | 46.5 |
| 2007-05 | 5.8 | 55.3 |
| 2007-04 | 7.3 | 49.7 |
| 2007-03 | 7.7 | 48.6 |
| 2007-02 | 4.7 | 51.0 |
| 2007-01 | 5.6 | 49.8 |
| 2006-12 | 5.4 | 51.8 |
| 2006-11 | 9.0 | 49.0 |
| 2006-10 | 9.7 | 50.3 |
| 2006-09 | 7.5 | 46.9 |
| 2006-08 | 6.9 | 48.4 |
| 2006-07 | 6.4 | 50.0 |
| 2006-06 | 7.0 | 47.6 |
| 2006-05 | 7.4 | 47.8 |
| 2006-04 | 7.5 | 49.0 |
| 2006-03 | 8.6 | 46.2 |
| 2006-02 | 10.2 | 45.3 |
| 2006-01 | 10.0 | 46.6 |
| 2005-12 | 11.4 | 45.8 |
| 2005-11 | 11.2 | 44.4 |
| 2005-10 | 9.7 | 46.4 |
| 2005-09 | 10.2 | 45.8 |
| 2005-08 | 10.5 | 45.3 |
| 2005-07 | 10.8 | 44.7 |
| 2005-06 | 11.4 | 44.1 |
| 2005-05 | 12.1 | 39.6 |
| 2005-04 | 11.6 | 39.9 |
| 2005-03 | 12.6 | 40.0 |
| 2005-02 | 14.0 | 37.2 |
| 2005-01 | 13.2 | 38.0 |
graphiqueType of difficulties encountered by companies
- Source: INSEE.
The balance of opinion on expected prices has increased
In December 2025, the balance of opinion on expected prices has increased, after reaching its lowest level since 2017 (excluding the COVID-19 pandemic) in October and November. It has moved closer to its long-term average.
Opinion on expected workforce size has brightened
In December 2025, entrepreneurs’ balance of opinion on the change in their past workforce has increased and returned above its long-term average. The balance on expected workforce size has bounced back, after three consecutive months of decline, and has returned to its long-term average.
tableauWorkforce size tendency in building construction
| Expected workforce size | Past workforce size | |
|---|---|---|
| 2025-12 | -0.9 | -3.2 |
| 2025-11 | -2.6 | -5.0 |
| 2025-10 | -1.4 | -5.4 |
| 2025-09 | 2.7 | -5.8 |
| 2025-08 | 4.4 | -3.3 |
| 2025-07 | 3.9 | -5.2 |
| 2025-06 | 2.5 | -6.5 |
| 2025-05 | 1.7 | -5.8 |
| 2025-04 | -0.5 | -8.8 |
| 2025-03 | 1.1 | -6.5 |
| 2025-02 | -1.2 | -5.6 |
| 2025-01 | 1.4 | -6.3 |
| 2024-12 | -1.4 | -3.0 |
| 2024-11 | 1.4 | -0.5 |
| 2024-10 | 2.0 | -5.2 |
| 2024-09 | 2.7 | -10.4 |
| 2024-08 | 2.3 | -6.2 |
| 2024-07 | 3.0 | -2.4 |
| 2024-06 | 3.9 | -2.7 |
| 2024-05 | 3.1 | -3.4 |
| 2024-04 | 5.4 | -3.9 |
| 2024-03 | 4.5 | -2.6 |
| 2024-02 | 4.6 | -4.1 |
| 2024-01 | 4.4 | -1.8 |
| 2023-12 | 2.2 | -1.3 |
| 2023-11 | 2.5 | -0.9 |
| 2023-10 | 7.1 | -3.5 |
| 2023-09 | 9.8 | 0.1 |
| 2023-08 | 7.7 | 0.9 |
| 2023-07 | 9.6 | 2.1 |
| 2023-06 | 8.3 | 0.3 |
| 2023-05 | 7.8 | -0.2 |
| 2023-04 | 9.2 | -2.3 |
| 2023-03 | 12.5 | 2.2 |
| 2023-02 | 12.4 | 2.9 |
| 2023-01 | 13.1 | 3.4 |
| 2022-12 | 13.3 | 6.0 |
| 2022-11 | 14.1 | 6.2 |
| 2022-10 | 15.8 | 5.5 |
| 2022-09 | 15.4 | -1.0 |
| 2022-08 | 19.5 | -1.6 |
| 2022-07 | 16.0 | -0.3 |
| 2022-06 | 12.5 | 0.7 |
| 2022-05 | 15.7 | 6.6 |
| 2022-04 | 15.7 | 5.4 |
| 2022-03 | 17.0 | 0.3 |
| 2022-02 | 17.1 | 1.6 |
| 2022-01 | 16.8 | 2.6 |
| 2021-12 | 17.1 | 6.7 |
| 2021-11 | 16.9 | 5.4 |
| 2021-10 | 14.8 | 3.2 |
| 2021-09 | 16.6 | 2.4 |
| 2021-08 | 18.0 | 3.2 |
| 2021-07 | 16.0 | 4.1 |
| 2021-06 | 17.2 | 2.7 |
| 2021-05 | 16.9 | 0.5 |
| 2021-04 | 13.6 | 0.8 |
| 2021-03 | 13.0 | -1.1 |
| 2021-02 | 6.6 | -7.3 |
| 2021-01 | 6.1 | -4.8 |
| 2020-12 | 6.1 | -3.5 |
| 2020-11 | 2.3 | -3.9 |
| 2020-10 | 2.8 | -8.1 |
| 2020-09 | 3.8 | -8.3 |
| 2020-08 | 2.0 | -12.7 |
| 2020-07 | 4.6 | -17.5 |
| 2020-06 | -3.1 | -20.7 |
| 2020-05 | -17.6 | -14.9 |
| 2020-04 | -18.8 | -1.0 |
| 2020-03 | 11.8 | 6.9 |
| 2020-02 | 16.1 | 8.0 |
| 2020-01 | 14.5 | 6.5 |
| 2019-12 | 12.1 | 4.4 |
| 2019-11 | 14.3 | 4.3 |
| 2019-10 | 12.5 | 5.6 |
| 2019-09 | 13.5 | 5.3 |
| 2019-08 | 10.6 | 6.6 |
| 2019-07 | 9.6 | 4.6 |
| 2019-06 | 10.3 | 5.2 |
| 2019-05 | 13.2 | 5.9 |
| 2019-04 | 13.1 | 3.8 |
| 2019-03 | 12.3 | 5.9 |
| 2019-02 | 14.8 | 5.7 |
| 2019-01 | 5.9 | 1.7 |
| 2018-12 | 13.2 | 4.9 |
| 2018-11 | 12.6 | 9.1 |
| 2018-10 | 10.5 | 4.8 |
| 2018-09 | 14.9 | 4.9 |
| 2018-08 | 15.0 | 4.0 |
| 2018-07 | 16.7 | 4.6 |
| 2018-06 | 10.7 | 4.3 |
| 2018-05 | 9.6 | 6.7 |
| 2018-04 | 11.3 | 3.8 |
| 2018-03 | 13.0 | 1.0 |
| 2018-02 | 4.2 | -4.7 |
| 2018-01 | 8.8 | -1.5 |
| 2017-12 | 11.3 | 6.8 |
| 2017-11 | 0.8 | -5.8 |
| 2017-10 | 4.8 | -5.2 |
| 2017-09 | 2.0 | -6.7 |
| 2017-08 | 2.1 | -7.4 |
| 2017-07 | 5.7 | -2.2 |
| 2017-06 | 2.7 | -6.5 |
| 2017-05 | -1.3 | -8.2 |
| 2017-04 | -5.2 | -15.4 |
| 2017-03 | -6.5 | -11.1 |
| 2017-02 | -9.0 | -13.4 |
| 2017-01 | -7.2 | -14.3 |
| 2016-12 | -8.3 | -15.2 |
| 2016-11 | -11.2 | -14.7 |
| 2016-10 | -8.3 | -17.4 |
| 2016-09 | -10.5 | -18.5 |
| 2016-08 | -13.2 | -20.9 |
| 2016-07 | -17.2 | -21.0 |
| 2016-06 | -16.4 | -23.8 |
| 2016-05 | -15.9 | -24.0 |
| 2016-04 | -17.9 | -23.5 |
| 2016-03 | -20.4 | -27.1 |
| 2016-02 | -20.8 | -25.8 |
| 2016-01 | -20.3 | -24.7 |
| 2015-12 | -23.3 | -27.4 |
| 2015-11 | -21.3 | -28.3 |
| 2015-10 | -23.2 | -26.6 |
| 2015-09 | -22.1 | -24.9 |
| 2015-08 | -23.2 | -25.1 |
| 2015-07 | -24.7 | -28.7 |
| 2015-06 | -19.9 | -26.4 |
| 2015-05 | -27.3 | -29.9 |
| 2015-04 | -27.3 | -34.5 |
| 2015-03 | -25.3 | -26.7 |
| 2015-02 | -24.5 | -24.9 |
| 2015-01 | -29.4 | -29.3 |
| 2014-12 | -24.3 | -25.7 |
| 2014-11 | -22.5 | -24.8 |
| 2014-10 | -26.0 | -28.6 |
| 2014-09 | -28.1 | -28.7 |
| 2014-08 | -26.9 | -26.6 |
| 2014-07 | -22.1 | -25.5 |
| 2014-06 | -23.4 | -26.4 |
| 2014-05 | -19.2 | -15.4 |
| 2014-04 | -19.3 | -22.7 |
| 2014-03 | -18.5 | -18.6 |
| 2014-02 | -21.1 | -19.7 |
| 2014-01 | -19.5 | -19.0 |
| 2013-12 | -17.7 | -16.7 |
| 2013-11 | -16.7 | -18.1 |
| 2013-10 | -10.4 | -13.4 |
| 2013-09 | -14.8 | -18.5 |
| 2013-08 | -16.0 | -19.8 |
| 2013-07 | -17.9 | -18.2 |
| 2013-06 | -18.2 | -18.4 |
| 2013-05 | -19.0 | -16.1 |
| 2013-04 | -13.5 | -14.1 |
| 2013-03 | -18.0 | -17.9 |
| 2013-02 | -15.9 | -17.1 |
| 2013-01 | -15.6 | -14.4 |
| 2012-12 | -16.2 | -13.3 |
| 2012-11 | -14.9 | -10.7 |
| 2012-10 | -14.7 | -10.0 |
| 2012-09 | -16.7 | -15.8 |
| 2012-08 | -14.7 | -11.2 |
| 2012-07 | -15.3 | -11.9 |
| 2012-06 | -11.3 | -7.6 |
| 2012-05 | -12.6 | -8.9 |
| 2012-04 | -9.3 | -8.7 |
| 2012-03 | -9.1 | -6.9 |
| 2012-02 | -3.9 | -5.5 |
| 2012-01 | -3.7 | -4.2 |
| 2011-12 | -5.3 | -6.4 |
| 2011-11 | -7.4 | -8.7 |
| 2011-10 | -6.2 | -2.2 |
| 2011-09 | -0.8 | 2.6 |
| 2011-08 | 3.4 | 3.8 |
| 2011-07 | 7.7 | 3.3 |
| 2011-06 | 6.8 | 3.3 |
| 2011-05 | 7.3 | -0.3 |
| 2011-04 | 4.9 | 0.2 |
| 2011-03 | 3.6 | -3.1 |
| 2011-02 | 3.1 | -5.1 |
| 2011-01 | -1.3 | -4.2 |
| 2010-12 | -1.7 | -4.4 |
| 2010-11 | -3.8 | -7.6 |
| 2010-10 | -7.8 | -11.9 |
| 2010-09 | -7.7 | -11.0 |
| 2010-08 | -11.3 | -12.0 |
| 2010-07 | -13.4 | -10.8 |
| 2010-06 | -15.4 | -15.8 |
| 2010-05 | -14.6 | -14.0 |
| 2010-04 | -14.0 | -16.6 |
| 2010-03 | -13.1 | -16.8 |
| 2010-02 | -15.8 | -17.2 |
| 2010-01 | -12.8 | -18.3 |
| 2009-12 | -14.5 | -18.8 |
| 2009-11 | -15.3 | -18.8 |
| 2009-10 | -15.9 | -19.2 |
| 2009-09 | -17.1 | -19.1 |
| 2009-08 | -19.0 | -19.2 |
| 2009-07 | -20.3 | -20.7 |
| 2009-06 | -20.1 | -17.9 |
| 2009-05 | -20.2 | -17.9 |
| 2009-04 | -20.9 | -18.5 |
| 2009-03 | -22.4 | -12.8 |
| 2009-02 | -17.9 | -8.2 |
| 2009-01 | -16.9 | -8.7 |
| 2008-12 | -12.5 | -2.3 |
| 2008-11 | -8.7 | -0.9 |
| 2008-10 | -1.4 | 5.8 |
| 2008-09 | 4.8 | 5.9 |
| 2008-08 | 9.5 | 9.3 |
| 2008-07 | 11.9 | 13.4 |
| 2008-06 | 13.8 | 13.6 |
| 2008-05 | 15.5 | 12.9 |
| 2008-04 | 23.1 | 21.1 |
| 2008-03 | 22.3 | 23.0 |
| 2008-02 | 15.9 | 21.4 |
| 2008-01 | 19.9 | 22.6 |
| 2007-12 | 21.5 | 21.0 |
| 2007-11 | 26.7 | 21.7 |
| 2007-10 | 23.1 | 16.6 |
| 2007-09 | 24.2 | 22.1 |
| 2007-08 | 24.6 | 21.8 |
| 2007-07 | 25.4 | 21.6 |
| 2007-06 | 28.6 | 23.4 |
| 2007-05 | 25.5 | 20.2 |
| 2007-04 | 22.9 | 20.6 |
| 2007-03 | 24.6 | 20.5 |
| 2007-02 | 25.3 | 21.4 |
| 2007-01 | 27.0 | 19.2 |
| 2006-12 | 26.3 | 18.5 |
| 2006-11 | 23.8 | 19.8 |
| 2006-10 | 26.1 | 21.6 |
| 2006-09 | 24.4 | 21.7 |
| 2006-08 | 22.2 | 21.1 |
| 2006-07 | 20.3 | 20.4 |
| 2006-06 | 21.8 | 17.9 |
| 2006-05 | 20.5 | 18.2 |
| 2006-04 | 18.2 | 16.0 |
| 2006-03 | 19.3 | 13.3 |
| 2006-02 | 20.2 | 19.9 |
| 2006-01 | 18.4 | 18.9 |
| 2005-12 | 17.0 | 12.7 |
| 2005-11 | 19.5 | 11.4 |
| 2005-10 | 15.9 | 9.7 |
| 2005-09 | 13.7 | 7.9 |
| 2005-08 | 15.2 | 6.0 |
| 2005-07 | 16.9 | 3.9 |
| 2005-06 | 14.0 | 8.1 |
| 2005-05 | 14.2 | 6.7 |
| 2005-04 | 15.2 | 6.9 |
| 2005-03 | 12.5 | 5.5 |
| 2005-02 | 9.5 | 0.0 |
| 2005-01 | 9.2 | 0.7 |
graphiqueWorkforce size tendency in building construction
- Source: INSEE.
Revisions
The business climate in the building construction industry of November 2025 has been revised downward by one point (after rounding).
For further information
For questions with three possible answers, a balance of opinion is calculated as the difference between the percentage of “above the normal” or “increase” responses and the percentage of “below the normal” or “decrease” responses.
The responses to this survey were collected between 26 November and 15 December 2025; most companies answer during the first two weeks of collection.
All the balances of opinion from this survey are included in this publication and are available in the complementary chronological series published online.
This survey is part of the Joint Harmonised European Programme of Business and Consumer Surveys, partly funded by the European Commission.
Additional information (simplified and detailed methodology, nomenclature, etc.) are available on the “Documentation” tab of the web page of this publication.
Next issue: 23 January 2026 at 8:45 am.
Documentation
Methodology note (in french) (pdf,217 Ko)
Changes to business tendency surveys – October 2021 (pdf,181 Ko)
Pour en savoir plus
For questions with three possible answers, a balance of opinion is calculated as the difference between the percentage of “above the normal” or “increase” responses and the percentage of “below the normal” or “decrease” responses.
The responses to this survey were collected between 26 November and 15 December 2025; most companies answer during the first two weeks of collection.
All the balances of opinion from this survey are included in this publication and are available in the complementary chronological series published online.
This survey is part of the Joint Harmonised European Programme of Business and Consumer Surveys, partly funded by the European Commission.
Additional information (simplified and detailed methodology, nomenclature, etc.) are available on the “Documentation” tab of the web page of this publication.
Next issue: 23 January 2026 at 8:45 am.