Informations rapides
27 May 2020
2020- n° 131
In May 2020, households’ confidence has decreased again Monthly consumer confidence survey - May 2020

In May 2020, in a context that continues to be marked by the sanitary crisis, households’ confidence in the economic situation has decreased once again, although a lot less than the previous month: the synthetic index has lost 2 points (after -8 points in April). Now standing at 93, it stays below its long term average (100).

Informations rapides
No 131
Paru le :Paru le27/05/2020
Prochaine parution le : 25/09/2024 at 08:45 - September 2024
Warning:

The May survey was conducted from April, 28th to May, 16th 2020, i.e. mainly before the reduction of the population containment measures on May, 11th, in the context of the fight against the spread of the Covid-19 virus. On the contrary, the responses to the April survey were all collected during the containment period.

In May 2020, in a context that continues to be marked by the sanitary crisis, households’ confidence in the economic situation has decreased once again, although a lot less than the previous month: the synthetic index has lost 2 points (after -8 points in April). Now standing at 93, it stays below its long term average (100).

Consumer confidence synthetic index

Consumer confidence synthetic index
Consumer confidence synthetic index
2000-01 119
2000-02 118
2000-03 119
2000-04 122
2000-05 122
2000-06 123
2000-07 124
2000-08 121
2000-09 118
2000-10 120
2000-11 119
2000-12 123
2001-01 126
2001-02 124
2001-03 122
2001-04 121
2001-05 116
2001-06 115
2001-07 114
2001-08 113
2001-09 111
2001-10 111
2001-11 112
2001-12 112
2002-01 112
2002-02 111
2002-03 112
2002-04 109
2002-05 113
2002-06 111
2002-07 109
2002-08 108
2002-09 106
2002-10 108
2002-11 108
2002-12 108
2003-01 104
2003-02 102
2003-03 98
2003-04 99
2003-05 101
2003-06 101
2003-07 100
2003-08 100
2003-09 99
2003-10 98
2003-11 98
2003-12 98
2004-01 99
2004-02 98
2004-03 99
2004-04 101
2004-05 100
2004-06 99
2004-07 99
2004-08 100
2004-09 102
2004-10 101
2004-11 100
2004-12 99
2005-01 97
2005-02 99
2005-03 97
2005-04 97
2005-05 95
2005-06 94
2005-07 94
2005-08 93
2005-09 92
2005-10 91
2005-11 92
2005-12 95
2006-01 97
2006-02 98
2006-03 97
2006-04 96
2006-05 95
2006-06 96
2006-07 98
2006-08 98
2006-09 99
2006-10 99
2006-11 99
2006-12 98
2007-01 99
2007-02 99
2007-03 101
2007-04 101
2007-05 108
2007-06 108
2007-07 107
2007-08 104
2007-09 101
2007-10 100
2007-11 94
2007-12 94
2008-01 90
2008-02 90
2008-03 88
2008-04 88
2008-05 85
2008-06 81
2008-07 81
2008-08 82
2008-09 83
2008-10 81
2008-11 83
2008-12 83
2009-01 84
2009-02 83
2009-03 84
2009-04 86
2009-05 86
2009-06 89
2009-07 89
2009-08 89
2009-09 90
2009-10 90
2009-11 93
2009-12 94
2010-01 94
2010-02 91
2010-03 91
2010-04 89
2010-05 88
2010-06 87
2010-07 87
2010-08 89
2010-09 90
2010-10 91
2010-11 93
2010-12 90
2011-01 89
2011-02 89
2011-03 87
2011-04 86
2011-05 87
2011-06 86
2011-07 89
2011-08 85
2011-09 84
2011-10 86
2011-11 84
2011-12 83
2012-01 84
2012-02 85
2012-03 89
2012-04 90
2012-05 92
2012-06 91
2012-07 88
2012-08 86
2012-09 85
2012-10 84
2012-11 84
2012-12 86
2013-01 85
2013-02 86
2013-03 83
2013-04 84
2013-05 80
2013-06 79
2013-07 83
2013-08 85
2013-09 86
2013-10 86
2013-11 84
2013-12 85
2014-01 86
2014-02 85
2014-03 88
2014-04 85
2014-05 85
2014-06 85
2014-07 86
2014-08 86
2014-09 86
2014-10 86
2014-11 87
2014-12 90
2015-01 89
2015-02 92
2015-03 94
2015-04 95
2015-05 93
2015-06 93
2015-07 93
2015-08 93
2015-09 97
2015-10 96
2015-11 96
2015-12 96
2016-01 97
2016-02 96
2016-03 95
2016-04 94
2016-05 98
2016-06 96
2016-07 95
2016-08 96
2016-09 97
2016-10 98
2016-11 99
2016-12 100
2017-01 100
2017-02 101
2017-03 101
2017-04 100
2017-05 102
2017-06 108
2017-07 104
2017-08 103
2017-09 101
2017-10 100
2017-11 103
2017-12 106
2018-01 105
2018-02 101
2018-03 100
2018-04 101
2018-05 99
2018-06 96
2018-07 96
2018-08 96
2018-09 93
2018-10 94
2018-11 91
2018-12 88
2019-01 92
2019-02 95
2019-03 96
2019-04 97
2019-05 99
2019-06 101
2019-07 102
2019-08 103
2019-09 104
2019-10 104
2019-11 105
2019-12 102
2020-01 104
2020-02 105
2020-03 103
2020-04 95
2020-05 93

Consumer confidence synthetic index

  • Source: INSEE.

Personal situation

Suitable time to make major purchases: clear increase

In May, the share of households considering it is a suitable time to make major purchases has increased sharply. The corresponding balance has gained 15 points but remains well below its long term average.

Households' opinion balance on their future financial situation has regained one point, after falling in April. The balance related to their past financial situation has lost 2 points. However, it remains above its long-term average.

Saving opportunity: sharp increase

In May, the share of households considering it is a suitable time to save has increased: the corresponding balance has gained 9 points but remains below its long-term average.

Households’ opinion balance on their current saving capacity has increased again: it has gained 4 points and remains well above its long-term average. Households’ opinion balance on their expected saving capacity has decreased slightly again. It has lost 1 point while remaining above its long-term average.

Balances on personal financial situation and standard of living in France

Balances on personal financial situation and standard of living in France
Standard of living, future Standard of living, past Financial situation, future Financial situation, past
2005-01 -30 -56 -5 -21
2005-02 -29 -53 -4 -20
2005-03 -31 -54 -6 -22
2005-04 -32 -54 -5 -22
2005-05 -37 -59 -8 -24
2005-06 -33 -65 -6 -25
2005-07 -36 -65 -7 -25
2005-08 -37 -65 -8 -25
2005-09 -38 -66 -8 -26
2005-10 -40 -66 -10 -29
2005-11 -41 -65 -10 -28
2005-12 -35 -63 -7 -23
2006-01 -33 -60 -5 -22
2006-02 -31 -55 -4 -21
2006-03 -34 -57 -6 -19
2006-04 -38 -59 -6 -21
2006-05 -38 -61 -6 -23
2006-06 -38 -59 -7 -21
2006-07 -33 -55 -5 -19
2006-08 -33 -57 -4 -20
2006-09 -28 -54 -4 -20
2006-10 -24 -55 -3 -22
2006-11 -25 -56 -4 -22
2006-12 -26 -56 -5 -21
2007-01 -23 -57 -4 -22
2007-02 -19 -56 -4 -22
2007-03 -17 -56 -2 -20
2007-04 -15 -56 -2 -20
2007-05 3 -50 7 -16
2007-06 0 -44 3 -13
2007-07 -6 -44 -1 -15
2007-08 -16 -48 -4 -16
2007-09 -25 -51 -5 -17
2007-10 -23 -54 -6 -20
2007-11 -37 -61 -10 -23
2007-12 -30 -63 -10 -26
2008-01 -42 -67 -16 -29
2008-02 -40 -70 -14 -29
2008-03 -37 -71 -14 -33
2008-04 -41 -70 -16 -32
2008-05 -46 -75 -18 -34
2008-06 -55 -78 -24 -37
2008-07 -54 -80 -21 -38
2008-08 -51 -81 -20 -37
2008-09 -49 -79 -17 -35
2008-10 -57 -81 -21 -33
2008-11 -53 -78 -20 -33
2008-12 -56 -78 -20 -32
2009-01 -56 -75 -19 -31
2009-02 -57 -77 -20 -30
2009-03 -56 -77 -20 -30
2009-04 -50 -76 -17 -29
2009-05 -46 -76 -15 -30
2009-06 -43 -73 -12 -25
2009-07 -43 -75 -12 -26
2009-08 -40 -72 -12 -30
2009-09 -38 -71 -11 -27
2009-10 -38 -70 -12 -27
2009-11 -33 -66 -8 -25
2009-12 -34 -65 -10 -23
2010-01 -32 -62 -9 -24
2010-02 -34 -67 -12 -27
2010-03 -40 -69 -13 -26
2010-04 -46 -69 -16 -27
2010-05 -52 -69 -19 -27
2010-06 -55 -71 -19 -27
2010-07 -49 -71 -19 -30
2010-08 -43 -66 -18 -29
2010-09 -42 -64 -18 -28
2010-10 -40 -64 -15 -28
2010-11 -38 -64 -11 -23
2010-12 -42 -68 -16 -26
2011-01 -44 -70 -18 -26
2011-02 -46 -67 -18 -27
2011-03 -51 -69 -23 -29
2011-04 -56 -71 -21 -31
2011-05 -49 -68 -20 -31
2011-06 -48 -68 -21 -33
2011-07 -42 -67 -18 -31
2011-08 -56 -71 -23 -30
2011-09 -55 -75 -24 -32
2011-10 -51 -73 -21 -29
2011-11 -59 -74 -25 -30
2011-12 -57 -74 -30 -32
2012-01 -54 -73 -27 -32
2012-02 -49 -73 -26 -32
2012-03 -40 -68 -19 -29
2012-04 -38 -66 -16 -29
2012-05 -30 -65 -16 -26
2012-06 -30 -68 -16 -27
2012-07 -43 -69 -19 -27
2012-08 -51 -72 -19 -29
2012-09 -57 -75 -21 -29
2012-10 -60 -73 -25 -29
2012-11 -55 -73 -25 -31
2012-12 -54 -69 -23 -29
2013-01 -58 -69 -25 -28
2013-02 -56 -71 -24 -27
2013-03 -61 -75 -26 -29
2013-04 -62 -76 -25 -28
2013-05 -63 -79 -26 -37
2013-06 -66 -80 -27 -35
2013-07 -57 -77 -24 -34
2013-08 -50 -73 -22 -33
2013-09 -46 -72 -20 -33
2013-10 -45 -69 -18 -35
2013-11 -53 -75 -19 -34
2013-12 -50 -72 -21 -34
2014-01 -48 -71 -19 -35
2014-02 -52 -72 -20 -34
2014-03 -47 -69 -19 -29
2014-04 -45 -70 -27 -32
2014-05 -50 -70 -23 -33
2014-06 -48 -69 -20 -36
2014-07 -49 -70 -17 -32
2014-08 -47 -70 -20 -33
2014-09 -51 -71 -20 -31
2014-10 -50 -74 -20 -31
2014-11 -48 -68 -17 -33
2014-12 -43 -66 -16 -27
2015-01 -42 -66 -17 -29
2015-02 -37 -61 -15 -27
2015-03 -34 -59 -13 -27
2015-04 -35 -58 -12 -24
2015-05 -34 -58 -14 -27
2015-06 -35 -58 -12 -27
2015-07 -36 -59 -12 -29
2015-08 -33 -57 -12 -29
2015-09 -28 -52 -6 -26
2015-10 -30 -54 -10 -24
2015-11 -31 -54 -10 -24
2015-12 -31 -54 -7 -25
2016-01 -27 -55 -9 -24
2016-02 -32 -56 -10 -24
2016-03 -35 -57 -12 -24
2016-04 -36 -57 -13 -25
2016-05 -28 -48 -10 -25
2016-06 -33 -54 -10 -23
2016-07 -33 -53 -10 -29
2016-08 -34 -54 -10 -22
2016-09 -29 -55 -9 -23
2016-10 -29 -53 -7 -23
2016-11 -26 -49 -8 -24
2016-12 -23 -51 -7 -21
2017-01 -27 -47 -5 -22
2017-02 -23 -48 -6 -22
2017-03 -22 -48 -7 -20
2017-04 -21 -51 -9 -19
2017-05 -17 -45 -7 -20
2017-06 1 -40 -4 -14
2017-07 -11 -40 -11 -18
2017-08 -20 -40 -9 -18
2017-09 -21 -42 -11 -21
2017-10 -24 -40 -16 -21
2017-11 -19 -39 -10 -19
2017-12 -13 -30 -9 -16
2018-01 -19 -29 -12 -16
2018-02 -24 -35 -18 -22
2018-03 -24 -40 -12 -24
2018-04 -21 -36 -11 -26
2018-05 -28 -40 -14 -25
2018-06 -32 -47 -14 -27
2018-07 -32 -47 -12 -28
2018-08 -30 -47 -12 -30
2018-09 -36 -50 -17 -30
2018-10 -32 -53 -16 -29
2018-11 -45 -58 -18 -28
2018-12 -38 -65 -21 -32
2019-01 -32 -61 -14 -28
2019-02 -29 -56 -12 -25
2019-03 -28 -54 -10 -26
2019-04 -27 -54 -7 -25
2019-05 -25 -51 -5 -24
2019-06 -23 -44 -6 -23
2019-07 -23 -42 -5 -21
2019-08 -22 -43 -5 -19
2019-09 -22 -40 -2 -18
2019-10 -24 -38 -4 -18
2019-11 -22 -35 -2 -17
2019-12 -29 -38 -6 -19
2020-01 -30 -37 -3 -15
2020-02 -26 -36 -5 -14
2020-03 -36 -33 -7 -12
2020-04 -71 -31 -21 -7
2020-05 -71 -48 -20 -9

Balances on personal financial situation and standard of living in France

  • Source: INSEE

CONSUMER OPINION: synthetic index and opinion balances

Balance of responses, seasonally adjusted
CONSUMER OPINION: synthetic index and opinion balances (Balance of responses, seasonally adjusted )
Avg. (1) Jan 20 Feb 20 Mar 20 Apr 20
Synthetic index (2) 100 105 103 95 93
Financial sit., past 12 m. -21 -14 -12 -7 -9
Financial sit., next 12 m. -6 -5 -7 -21 -20
Current saving capacity 9 14 17 19 23
Expected saving capacity -9 0 2 0 -1
Savings intentions, next 12 m. 17 7 9 4 13
Major purchases intentions, next 12 m. -14 -10 -17 -60 -45
Standard of living, past 12 m. -45 -36 -33 -31 -48
Standard of living, next 12 m. -25 -26 -36 -71 -71
Unemployment, next 12 m. 33 -4 17 61 79
Consumer prices, past 12 m. -17 -34 -39 -50 -30
Consumer prices, next 12 m. -33 -24 -13 14 6
  • (1) Average value between January 1987 and December 2019
  • (2) The indicator is normalised in such a way that its average equals 100 and standard error equals 10 over the estimation period (1987–2019).
  • Source: INSEE, monthly consumer confidence survey

Economic situation in France

Future standard of living in France: stability at a very low level

In May, households’ opinion balance about the future standard of living in France has been stable. At -71, it remains at the lowest level ever since the beginning of the survey.

Furthermore, the share of households considering that the past standard of living in France has improved during the past twelve months has decreased sharply: the corresponding balance has lost 17 points and slips below its long-term average.

Unemployment: fears increasing strongly again

Households' fears about the unemployment trend have increased very strongly again in May. The corresponding balance has increased by 18 points, reaching an unprecedented level since June 2013.

Households' unemployment expectations

Balance, SA
Households' unemployment expectations (Balance, SA)
Households' unemployment expectations
2005-01 47
2005-02 37
2005-03 42
2005-04 45
2005-05 59
2005-06 36
2005-07 36
2005-08 29
2005-09 22
2005-10 16
2005-11 15
2005-12 14
2006-01 9
2006-02 8
2006-03 24
2006-04 17
2006-05 13
2006-06 15
2006-07 5
2006-08 6
2006-09 0
2006-10 5
2006-11 3
2006-12 21
2007-01 7
2007-02 6
2007-03 9
2007-04 3
2007-05 -14
2007-06 -10
2007-07 -15
2007-08 -5
2007-09 3
2007-10 2
2007-11 3
2007-12 -3
2008-01 1
2008-02 6
2008-03 7
2008-04 3
2008-05 15
2008-06 14
2008-07 27
2008-08 39
2008-09 45
2008-10 64
2008-11 69
2008-12 76
2009-01 75
2009-02 75
2009-03 74
2009-04 78
2009-05 81
2009-06 85
2009-07 75
2009-08 64
2009-09 67
2009-10 60
2009-11 55
2009-12 54
2010-01 55
2010-02 49
2010-03 58
2010-04 57
2010-05 58
2010-06 65
2010-07 59
2010-08 46
2010-09 31
2010-10 34
2010-11 35
2010-12 34
2011-01 37
2011-02 41
2011-03 33
2011-04 35
2011-05 27
2011-06 29
2011-07 37
2011-08 51
2011-09 57
2011-10 49
2011-11 61
2011-12 59
2012-01 57
2012-02 56
2012-03 52
2012-04 55
2012-05 43
2012-06 53
2012-07 65
2012-08 73
2012-09 73
2012-10 73
2012-11 70
2012-12 74
2013-01 72
2013-02 73
2013-03 77
2013-04 74
2013-05 78
2013-06 78
2013-07 61
2013-08 56
2013-09 51
2013-10 37
2013-11 62
2013-12 48
2014-01 56
2014-02 55
2014-03 55
2014-04 57
2014-05 60
2014-06 67
2014-07 67
2014-08 62
2014-09 67
2014-10 52
2014-11 66
2014-12 66
2015-01 66
2015-02 58
2015-03 44
2015-04 61
2015-05 61
2015-06 61
2015-07 58
2015-08 50
2015-09 45
2015-10 47
2015-11 36
2015-12 45
2016-01 36
2016-02 45
2016-03 39
2016-04 51
2016-05 24
2016-06 26
2016-07 28
2016-08 33
2016-09 29
2016-10 30
2016-11 29
2016-12 19
2017-01 18
2017-02 21
2017-03 20
2017-04 16
2017-05 21
2017-06 5
2017-07 9
2017-08 -2
2017-09 16
2017-10 13
2017-11 5
2017-12 6
2018-01 1
2018-02 7
2018-03 4
2018-04 4
2018-05 2
2018-06 15
2018-07 14
2018-08 23
2018-09 22
2018-10 7
2018-11 30
2018-12 30
2019-01 32
2019-02 15
2019-03 20
2019-04 26
2019-05 13
2019-06 12
2019-07 11
2019-08 6
2019-09 2
2019-10 3
2019-11 2
2019-12 9
2020-01 9
2020-02 -4
2020-03 17
2020-04 61
2020-05 79

Households' unemployment expectations

  • Source: INSEE

Perceived inflation: clear increase

In May, the households considering that prices were on rise during the past twelve months have been markedly more numerous than the previous month: the corresponding balance has increased by 20 points but yet stands below its long term average.

On the contrary, the households considering that prices will be on the rise during the next twelve months have been a bit less numerous than the previous month. The corresponding balance has lost 8 points while remaining well above its long term average.

Households' perception of prices

Balance, SA
Households' perception of prices (Balance, SA)
Past prices Future prices
2005-01 14 -44
2005-02 15 -41
2005-03 15 -40
2005-04 14 -40
2005-05 15 -40
2005-06 11 -40
2005-07 13 -35
2005-08 12 -32
2005-09 12 -31
2005-10 11 -32
2005-11 9 -35
2005-12 4 -35
2006-01 1 -37
2006-02 4 -36
2006-03 -3 -35
2006-04 7 -32
2006-05 18 -29
2006-06 11 -32
2006-07 7 -34
2006-08 10 -37
2006-09 14 -40
2006-10 12 -39
2006-11 13 -38
2006-12 18 -35
2007-01 17 -38
2007-02 11 -39
2007-03 6 -36
2007-04 5 -34
2007-05 -1 -43
2007-06 -3 -31
2007-07 6 -27
2007-08 13 -21
2007-09 20 -15
2007-10 27 -20
2007-11 45 -8
2007-12 54 -25
2008-01 51 -15
2008-02 51 -30
2008-03 67 -45
2008-04 63 -38
2008-05 71 -39
2008-06 70 -31
2008-07 67 -30
2008-08 60 -42
2008-09 50 -53
2008-10 43 -37
2008-11 29 -47
2008-12 19 -50
2009-01 6 -51
2009-02 7 -49
2009-03 -1 -54
2009-04 -6 -56
2009-05 -11 -57
2009-06 -16 -56
2009-07 -19 -52
2009-08 -18 -53
2009-09 -25 -48
2009-10 -16 -45
2009-11 -14 -48
2009-12 -14 -44
2010-01 -14 -41
2010-02 -19 -41
2010-03 -19 -39
2010-04 -10 -34
2010-05 -11 -28
2010-06 -10 -29
2010-07 -6 -27
2010-08 -4 -24
2010-09 -2 -29
2010-10 0 -25
2010-11 3 -25
2010-12 9 -22
2011-01 18 -19
2011-02 25 -9
2011-03 30 6
2011-04 46 0
2011-05 40 -13
2011-06 33 -14
2011-07 32 -18
2011-08 27 -18
2011-09 25 -20
2011-10 22 -23
2011-11 20 -15
2011-12 19 -16
2012-01 21 -17
2012-02 23 -11
2012-03 22 -21
2012-04 27 -20
2012-05 12 -32
2012-06 12 -34
2012-07 -2 -25
2012-08 -1 -16
2012-09 3 -13
2012-10 -1 -15
2012-11 -4 -14
2012-12 -7 -19
2013-01 -8 -19
2013-02 -10 -22
2013-03 -10 -14
2013-04 -13 -20
2013-05 -16 -17
2013-06 -11 -19
2013-07 -8 -17
2013-08 -3 -21
2013-09 4 -24
2013-10 -8 -21
2013-11 -8 -23
2013-12 -8 -17
2014-01 -15 -16
2014-02 -19 -22
2014-03 -23 -28
2014-04 -24 -29
2014-05 -23 -26
2014-06 -28 -31
2014-07 -31 -31
2014-08 -35 -36
2014-09 -40 -33
2014-10 -38 -28
2014-11 -38 -37
2014-12 -46 -43
2015-01 -50 -45
2015-02 -51 -45
2015-03 -53 -48
2015-04 -51 -43
2015-05 -56 -40
2015-06 -54 -38
2015-07 -52 -37
2015-08 -50 -36
2015-09 -53 -41
2015-10 -50 -41
2015-11 -50 -41
2015-12 -51 -39
2016-01 -52 -42
2016-02 -56 -39
2016-03 -57 -37
2016-04 -57 -37
2016-05 -53 -38
2016-06 -53 -35
2016-07 -51 -36
2016-08 -51 -35
2016-09 -46 -34
2016-10 -52 -38
2016-11 -52 -40
2016-12 -48 -28
2017-01 -44 -24
2017-02 -46 -31
2017-03 -46 -25
2017-04 -50 -27
2017-05 -57 -34
2017-06 -56 -40
2017-07 -54 -31
2017-08 -54 -32
2017-09 -55 -30
2017-10 -50 -24
2017-11 -45 -29
2017-12 -46 -33
2018-01 -41 -16
2018-02 -34 -20
2018-03 -37 -23
2018-04 -39 -26
2018-05 -31 -18
2018-06 -27 -20
2018-07 -26 -20
2018-08 -25 -21
2018-09 -15 -16
2018-10 -15 -15
2018-11 -10 -13
2018-12 -9 -23
2019-01 -32 -40
2019-02 -27 -18
2019-03 -17 -23
2019-04 -18 -22
2019-05 -21 -22
2019-06 -20 -21
2019-07 -26 -23
2019-08 -27 -21
2019-09 -28 -25
2019-10 -27 -22
2019-11 -32 -25
2019-12 -34 -23
2020-01 -34 -25
2020-02 -34 -24
2020-03 -39 -13
2020-04 -50 14
2020-05 -30 6

Households' perception of prices

  • Source: INSEE

For more information

Definition – The synthetic households’ confidence index summarizes households’ opinion on the economic situation: the higher its value, the more favorable households’ judgment of the economic situation is. It is calculated using a factor analysis technique, which enables to summarize concomitant movements of highly correlated variables. The index describes here the common factor of 8 balances of opinion: past and future general economic situation in France, past and future personal financial situation, unemployment, major purchases intentions, current savings capacity and expected savings capacity.

Calculation method – Around 2,000 households are surveyed by telephone, during the first three weeks of each month. Answers to this survey were collected between April 28 and May 16 2020. For each question, a balance of opinion is calculated as the difference between the percentages of positive and negative answers. Since the level of these balances is not open to direct interpretation, comments are based on their changes and their distance to their long–term average. Seasonal coefficients are calculated again every month, hence the slight revision of the seasonal adjusted balances history at each publication.

Next publication: 26 June 2020 at 8:45 am

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