Research and development effort in the European Union Annual data from 2000 to 2024
tableauResearch and development effort in the European Union
% of GDP
| Country | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | 3,11 | 3,09 | 3,07 | (p) 3,04 | (p) 3,13 | (p) 3,13 |
| Austria | 3,14 | (e) 3,21 | 3,26 | (e) 3,17 | 3,22 | (p) 3,26 |
| Belgium | 3,15 | 3,37 | 3,41 | 3,21 | 3,24 | (p) 3,36 |
| Bulgaria | 0,84 | 0,85 | 0,77 | 0,75 | 0,79 | 0,77 |
| Croatia | 1,08 | 1,24 | 1,24 | 1,42 | 1,37 | (p) 1,35 |
| Denmark | 2,91 | 2,97 | (p) 2,76 | 2,88 | 3,07 | (p) 3,01 |
| Spain | 1,24 | 1,40 | 1,40 | 1,40 | (p) 1,49 | (p) 1,50 |
| Estonia | 1,59 | 1,73 | 1,75 | 1,77 | 1,83 | 1,99 |
| Finland | 2,82 | 2,93 | 3,01 | 2,98 | 3,09 | 3,22 |
| France | 2,20 | 2,27 | 2,21 | 2,22 | (p) 2,18 | (p) 2,18 |
| Greece | 1,26 | 1,49 | 1,43 | 1,48 | (p) 1,50 | (p) 1,54 |
| Hungary | 1,46 | 1,58 | 1,63 | 1,39 | 1,38 | (p) 1,31 |
| Ireland | 1,14 | 1,13 | 1,08 | (e) 1,53 | 1,54 | (p) 1,38 |
| Italy | 1,46 | 1,50 | 1,41 | 1,37 | 1,37 | (p) 1,38 |
| Latvia | 0,66 | 0,76 | 0,77 | 0,81 | 0,82 | 0,92 |
| Lithuania | 0,99 | 1,12 | 1,10 | 1,06 | 1,04 | (p) 1,04 |
| Luxembourg | 1,18 | (e) 1,10 | 1,03 | 1,07 | 1,06 | (p) 0,99 |
| Netherlands | 2,14 | 2,27 | 2,22 | (*) 2,18 | 2,30 | (p) 2,29 |
| Poland | 1,31 | 1,37 | 1,42 | 1,44 | 1,56 | (p) 1,41 |
| Portugal | 1,39 | 1,61 | 1,67 | 1,69 | 1,68 | (p) 1,73 |
| Czech Republic | 1,90 | 1,95 | 1,93 | 1,89 | 1,82 | (p) 1,82 |
| Romania | 0,48 | 0,47 | 0,47 | 0,46 | 0,52 | (p) 0,46 |
| Slovakia | 0,82 | 0,89 | 0,90 | 0,98 | 1,04 | 0,98 |
| Slovenia | 2,06 | 2,16 | 2,14 | 2,10 | 2,13 | 2,16 |
| Sweden | (e) 3,41 | (e) 3,51 | (e) 3,45 | 3,50 | 3,64 | 3,56 |
| European Union (27 Member States) (e) | 2,10 | 2,17 | 2,13 | 2,11 | 2,15 | 2,13 |
- e: estimated data.
- p: provisional data.
- *: break in the series.
- Note: data not available for Cyprus and Malta.
- Reading note: in 2024, the research and development effort was 2.18% of gross domestic product (GDP) in France and 2.13% of GDP in the European Union as a whole (27 Member States).
- Source: OECD (data extracted on 31 March 2026).
graphiqueResearch and development effort in some European Union countries
- Reading note: in 2024, the research and development effort was 2.18% of gross domestic product (GDP) in France and 2.13% of GDP in the European Union as a whole (27 Member States).
- Source: OECD (data extracted on 31 March 2026).