Research and development effort in the European Union Annual data from 1981 to 2023
tableauResearch and development effort in the European Union
% of GDP
| Country | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | 3.05 | 3.11 | 3.09 | (p) 3.08 | (p) 3.07 | (p) 3.11 |
| Austria | (e) 3.11 | 3.14 | (e) 3.21 | 3.26 | (e) 3.18 | (p) 3.29 |
| Belgium | 2.86 | 3.15 | 3.37 | 3.41 | (e) 3.29 | (p) 3.32 |
| Bulgaria | 0.76 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.79 |
| Croatia | 0.95 | 1.08 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.42 | (p) 1.39 |
| Denmark | 2.98 | 2.91 | 2.97 | (p) 2.74 | 2.87 | (p) 2.99 |
| Spain | 1.23 | 1.24 | 1.40 | 1.40 | (p) 1.41 | (p) 1.49 |
| Estonia | 1.38 | 1.59 | 1.73 | 1.75 | 1.76 | 1.84 |
| Finland | 2.78 | 2.82 | 2.93 | 3.01 | 2.98 | 3.09 |
| France | 2.20 | 2.20 | 2.27 | 2.21 | (p) 2.22 | (p) 2.19 |
| Greece | 1.21 | 1.26 | 1.49 | 1.43 | (p) 1.48 | (p) 1.49 |
| Hungary | 1.50 | 1.46 | 1.58 | 1.63 | 1.39 | (p) 1.39 |
| Ireland | (e) 1.08 | 1.14 | 1.12 | 1.07 | (e) 1.53 | (p) 1.58 |
| Italy | 1.42 | 1.46 | 1.50 | 1.41 | 1.37 | (p) 1.31 |
| Latvia | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.81 | 0.82 |
| Lithuania | 0.93 | 0.99 | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.05 | (p) 1.05 |
| Luxembourg | 1.17 | 1.18 | (e) 1.10 | 1.04 | 1.05 | (p) 1.03 |
| Netherlands | 2.10 | 2.14 | 2.27 | 2.22 | (*) 2.18 | (p) 2.23 |
| Poland | 1.19 | 1.31 | 1.37 | 1.42 | 1.44 | 1.56 |
| Portugal | 1.35 | 1.39 | 1.61 | 1.67 | 1.69 | (e) (p) 1.69 |
| Czech Republic | 1.88 | 1.90 | 1.95 | 1.93 | 1.89 | (p) 1.83 |
| Romania | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.46 | (p) 0.52 |
| Slovakia | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.98 | 1.04 |
| Slovenia | 1.96 | 2.06 | 2.16 | 2.14 | 2.10 | (p) 2.13 |
| Sweden | (e) 3.35 | (e) 3.40 | (e) 3.50 | (e) 3.42 | 3.47 | 3.60 |
| European Union (27 Member States) (e) | 2.06 | 2.09 | 2.16 | 2.12 | 2.11 | 2.13 |
- e: estimated data.
- p: provisional data.
- *: break in the series.
- Note: data not available for Cyprus and Malta.
- Reading note: in 2023, the research and development effort was 2.19% of gross domestic product (GDP) in France and 2.13% of GDP in the European Union as a whole (27 Member States).
- Source: OECD (data extracted on 17 June 2025).
graphiqueResearch and development effort in some European Union countries
- Reading note: in 2023, the research and development effort was 2.19% of gross domestic product (GDP) in France and 2.13% of GDP in the European Union as a whole (27 Member States).
- Source: OECD (data extracted on 17 June 2025).