Informations Rapides ·
21 March 2024 · n° 69
In March 2024, the business climate has brightened in services Monthly survey of services - March 2024
According to the business managers surveyed in March 2024, the business climate in services has improved again. At 102, the indicator that synthesizes it has gained two points and stands above its long-term average (100). It has thus reached its highest level since August 2023 (after rounding).
According to the business managers surveyed in March 2024, the business climate in services has improved again. At 102, the indicator that synthesizes it has gained two points and stands above its long-term average (100). It has thus reached its highest level since August 2023 (after rounding).
tableauBusiness climate composite indicator
| Business climate composite indicator | |
|---|---|
| 2024-03 | 102.3 |
| 2024-02 | 99.7 |
| 2024-01 | 101.4 |
| 2023-12 | 100.1 |
| 2023-11 | 99.5 |
| 2023-10 | 99.9 |
| 2023-09 | 101.5 |
| 2023-08 | 101.6 |
| 2023-07 | 101.6 |
| 2023-06 | 101.9 |
| 2023-05 | 101.3 |
| 2023-04 | 103.0 |
| 2023-03 | 104.7 |
| 2023-02 | 105.2 |
| 2023-01 | 104.4 |
| 2022-12 | 103.5 |
| 2022-11 | 103.4 |
| 2022-10 | 104.4 |
| 2022-09 | 105.6 |
| 2022-08 | 106.5 |
| 2022-07 | 106.1 |
| 2022-06 | 107.5 |
| 2022-05 | 108.7 |
| 2022-04 | 108.3 |
| 2022-03 | 108.7 |
| 2022-02 | 111.6 |
| 2022-01 | 105.1 |
| 2021-12 | 107.1 |
| 2021-11 | 113.5 |
| 2021-10 | 112.5 |
| 2021-09 | 110.2 |
| 2021-08 | 108.7 |
| 2021-07 | 110.9 |
| 2021-06 | 112.4 |
| 2021-05 | 106.5 |
| 2021-04 | 91.4 |
| 2021-03 | 93.8 |
| 2021-02 | 87.6 |
| 2021-01 | 91.0 |
| 2020-12 | 89.3 |
| 2020-11 | 75.8 |
| 2020-10 | 87.3 |
| 2020-09 | 93.7 |
| 2020-08 | 93.5 |
| 2020-07 | 88.5 |
| 2020-06 | 77.6 |
| 2020-05 | 49.7 |
| 2020-04 | 38.8 |
| 2020-03 | 92.3 |
| 2020-02 | 105.7 |
| 2020-01 | 106.0 |
| 2019-12 | 106.4 |
| 2019-11 | 105.8 |
| 2019-10 | 105.2 |
| 2019-09 | 105.7 |
| 2019-08 | 105.1 |
| 2019-07 | 104.7 |
| 2019-06 | 105.6 |
| 2019-05 | 105.5 |
| 2019-04 | 105.5 |
| 2019-03 | 104.7 |
| 2019-02 | 103.6 |
| 2019-01 | 103.5 |
| 2018-12 | 101.8 |
| 2018-11 | 103.5 |
| 2018-10 | 102.9 |
| 2018-09 | 104.4 |
| 2018-08 | 104.0 |
| 2018-07 | 104.3 |
| 2018-06 | 104.3 |
| 2018-05 | 104.3 |
| 2018-04 | 105.9 |
| 2018-03 | 106.9 |
| 2018-02 | 106.8 |
| 2018-01 | 107.6 |
| 2017-12 | 108.7 |
| 2017-11 | 107.1 |
| 2017-10 | 106.4 |
| 2017-09 | 106.5 |
| 2017-08 | 106.3 |
| 2017-07 | 103.8 |
| 2017-06 | 103.2 |
| 2017-05 | 102.8 |
| 2017-04 | 103.2 |
| 2017-03 | 103.2 |
| 2017-02 | 102.9 |
| 2017-01 | 101.6 |
| 2016-12 | 103.5 |
| 2016-11 | 100.8 |
| 2016-10 | 100.7 |
| 2016-09 | 100.7 |
| 2016-08 | 100.1 |
| 2016-07 | 100.3 |
| 2016-06 | 99.1 |
| 2016-05 | 100.7 |
| 2016-04 | 98.2 |
| 2016-03 | 99.4 |
| 2016-02 | 99.8 |
| 2016-01 | 100.1 |
| 2015-12 | 97.0 |
| 2015-11 | 99.2 |
| 2015-10 | 99.4 |
| 2015-09 | 97.5 |
| 2015-08 | 98.5 |
| 2015-07 | 97.4 |
| 2015-06 | 96.8 |
| 2015-05 | 95.4 |
| 2015-04 | 93.9 |
| 2015-03 | 92.3 |
| 2015-02 | 91.4 |
| 2015-01 | 91.1 |
| 2014-12 | 91.3 |
| 2014-11 | 91.2 |
| 2014-10 | 91.1 |
| 2014-09 | 91.0 |
| 2014-08 | 91.5 |
| 2014-07 | 92.5 |
| 2014-06 | 92.2 |
| 2014-05 | 92.2 |
| 2014-04 | 93.2 |
| 2014-03 | 93.1 |
| 2014-02 | 92.2 |
| 2014-01 | 92.2 |
| 2013-12 | 90.9 |
| 2013-11 | 92.4 |
| 2013-10 | 91.8 |
| 2013-09 | 92.3 |
| 2013-08 | 88.7 |
| 2013-07 | 86.6 |
| 2013-06 | 86.0 |
| 2013-05 | 84.7 |
| 2013-04 | 83.3 |
| 2013-03 | 84.2 |
| 2013-02 | 87.1 |
| 2013-01 | 88.2 |
| 2012-12 | 87.2 |
| 2012-11 | 85.6 |
| 2012-10 | 86.1 |
| 2012-09 | 87.2 |
| 2012-08 | 87.5 |
| 2012-07 | 89.6 |
| 2012-06 | 90.1 |
| 2012-05 | 92.0 |
| 2012-04 | 95.6 |
| 2012-03 | 93.3 |
| 2012-02 | 92.0 |
| 2012-01 | 92.5 |
| 2011-12 | 94.6 |
| 2011-11 | 95.1 |
| 2011-10 | 97.2 |
| 2011-09 | 98.3 |
| 2011-08 | 100.5 |
| 2011-07 | 105.1 |
| 2011-06 | 107.1 |
| 2011-05 | 107.4 |
| 2011-04 | 108.8 |
| 2011-03 | 110.3 |
| 2011-02 | 109.1 |
| 2011-01 | 107.1 |
| 2010-12 | 106.7 |
| 2010-11 | 104.7 |
| 2010-10 | 102.8 |
| 2010-09 | 101.6 |
| 2010-08 | 100.6 |
| 2010-07 | 99.1 |
| 2010-06 | 98.3 |
| 2010-05 | 99.3 |
| 2010-04 | 97.7 |
| 2010-03 | 94.4 |
| 2010-02 | 94.3 |
| 2010-01 | 94.0 |
| 2009-12 | 92.6 |
| 2009-11 | 92.2 |
| 2009-10 | 90.6 |
| 2009-09 | 87.5 |
| 2009-08 | 84.2 |
| 2009-07 | 81.7 |
| 2009-06 | 77.9 |
| 2009-05 | 73.3 |
| 2009-04 | 69.1 |
| 2009-03 | 68.7 |
| 2009-02 | 73.8 |
| 2009-01 | 75.0 |
| 2008-12 | 77.6 |
| 2008-11 | 80.5 |
| 2008-10 | 84.5 |
| 2008-09 | 93.1 |
| 2008-08 | 95.1 |
| 2008-07 | 96.6 |
| 2008-06 | 101.0 |
| 2008-05 | 104.2 |
| 2008-04 | 106.7 |
| 2008-03 | 108.4 |
| 2008-02 | 108.4 |
| 2008-01 | 110.3 |
| 2007-12 | 108.9 |
| 2007-11 | 110.1 |
| 2007-10 | 109.9 |
| 2007-09 | 111.4 |
| 2007-08 | 112.2 |
| 2007-07 | 113.0 |
| 2007-06 | 112.5 |
| 2007-05 | 112.8 |
| 2007-04 | 112.9 |
| 2007-03 | 113.2 |
| 2007-02 | 112.3 |
| 2007-01 | 110.8 |
| 2006-12 | 111.2 |
| 2006-11 | 112.9 |
| 2006-10 | 110.7 |
| 2006-09 | 110.5 |
| 2006-08 | 110.4 |
| 2006-07 | 110.3 |
| 2006-06 | 109.1 |
| 2006-05 | 110.4 |
| 2006-04 | 107.7 |
| 2006-03 | 107.4 |
| 2006-02 | 106.2 |
| 2006-01 | 108.9 |
| 2005-12 | 106.9 |
| 2005-11 | 106.5 |
| 2005-10 | 108.3 |
| 2005-09 | 106.8 |
| 2005-08 | 107.1 |
| 2005-07 | 107.5 |
| 2005-06 | 108.2 |
| 2005-05 | 106.0 |
| 2005-04 | 107.9 |
| 2005-03 | 108.2 |
| 2005-02 | 106.3 |
| 2005-01 | 106.4 |
graphiqueBusiness climate composite indicator
- Source: INSEE
In March 2024, the business outlook is more favourable compared to the previous month according to the business managers
In March 2024, the business managers in services are more confident than in the previous month about their personal activity prospects. The balances of opinion on the expected activity and on the expected demand have sharply rebounded and have moved both above their long-term average. They are also optimistic on the general business outlook for the sector: the corresponding balance of opinion has risen again and has moved above its average level. Conversely, the balance of opinion on the activity over the past three months has slightly diminished and has moved just below its long-term average.
Concerning selling prices, the balances of opinion on their recent and expected change are virtually stable in March, above their average.
The balance on the felt economic uncertainty has slightly rebounded for its part.
tableauExpected prices in services
| Expected prices | |
|---|---|
| 2024-03 | 8.8 |
| 2024-02 | 8.0 |
| 2024-01 | 6.2 |
| 2023-12 | 5.4 |
| 2023-11 | 4.5 |
| 2023-10 | 5.4 |
| 2023-09 | 8.6 |
| 2023-08 | 7.2 |
| 2023-07 | 6.2 |
| 2023-06 | 6.7 |
| 2023-05 | 7.3 |
| 2023-04 | 11.9 |
| 2023-03 | 14.5 |
| 2023-02 | 16.1 |
| 2023-01 | 18.6 |
| 2022-12 | 15.8 |
| 2022-11 | 13.2 |
| 2022-10 | 12.2 |
| 2022-09 | 11.2 |
| 2022-08 | 10.7 |
| 2022-07 | 10.8 |
| 2022-06 | 11.4 |
| 2022-05 | 10.3 |
| 2022-04 | 10.3 |
| 2022-03 | 8.0 |
| 2022-02 | 8.2 |
| 2022-01 | 7.1 |
| 2021-12 | 5.2 |
| 2021-11 | 7.0 |
| 2021-10 | 4.5 |
| 2021-09 | 3.9 |
| 2021-08 | 4.3 |
| 2021-07 | 3.7 |
| 2021-06 | 1.0 |
| 2021-05 | -0.6 |
| 2021-04 | -9.7 |
| 2021-03 | -7.4 |
| 2021-02 | -11.5 |
| 2021-01 | -10.1 |
| 2020-12 | -8.2 |
| 2020-11 | -12.5 |
| 2020-10 | -8.9 |
| 2020-09 | -3.0 |
| 2020-08 | -5.3 |
| 2020-07 | -8.7 |
| 2020-06 | -12.3 |
| 2020-05 | -22.4 |
| 2020-04 | -23.9 |
| 2020-03 | -3.3 |
| 2020-02 | 0.4 |
| 2020-01 | 0.0 |
| 2019-12 | 0.2 |
| 2019-11 | -0.1 |
| 2019-10 | 1.7 |
| 2019-09 | -0.6 |
| 2019-08 | -1.1 |
| 2019-07 | 0.0 |
| 2019-06 | 0.2 |
| 2019-05 | -1.6 |
| 2019-04 | -3.0 |
| 2019-03 | -1.0 |
| 2019-02 | -2.6 |
| 2019-01 | -2.3 |
| 2018-12 | 0.1 |
| 2018-11 | -2.5 |
| 2018-10 | -2.8 |
| 2018-09 | -1.5 |
| 2018-08 | -0.6 |
| 2018-07 | -6.8 |
| 2018-06 | -4.9 |
| 2018-05 | -1.8 |
| 2018-04 | -3.2 |
| 2018-03 | -3.4 |
| 2018-02 | -3.7 |
| 2018-01 | -2.4 |
| 2017-12 | -3.4 |
| 2017-11 | -2.7 |
| 2017-10 | -2.4 |
| 2017-09 | -1.7 |
| 2017-08 | -5.6 |
| 2017-07 | -7.0 |
| 2017-06 | -4.5 |
| 2017-05 | -4.8 |
| 2017-04 | -5.4 |
| 2017-03 | -3.7 |
| 2017-02 | -3.7 |
| 2017-01 | -6.3 |
| 2016-12 | -5.5 |
| 2016-11 | -7.7 |
| 2016-10 | -6.8 |
| 2016-09 | -4.8 |
| 2016-08 | -5.2 |
| 2016-07 | -4.7 |
| 2016-06 | -6.8 |
| 2016-05 | -6.2 |
| 2016-04 | -4.9 |
| 2016-03 | -5.1 |
| 2016-02 | -4.6 |
| 2016-01 | -8.5 |
| 2015-12 | -8.9 |
| 2015-11 | -5.8 |
| 2015-10 | -5.9 |
| 2015-09 | -7.5 |
| 2015-08 | -6.4 |
| 2015-07 | -6.9 |
| 2015-06 | -6.1 |
| 2015-05 | -6.2 |
| 2015-04 | -7.8 |
| 2015-03 | -9.8 |
| 2015-02 | -9.7 |
| 2015-01 | -11.4 |
| 2014-12 | -11.0 |
| 2014-11 | -10.3 |
| 2014-10 | -9.5 |
| 2014-09 | -10.6 |
| 2014-08 | -9.0 |
| 2014-07 | -9.2 |
| 2014-06 | -9.3 |
| 2014-05 | -9.9 |
| 2014-04 | -9.6 |
| 2014-03 | -10.8 |
| 2014-02 | -11.0 |
| 2014-01 | -8.4 |
| 2013-12 | -9.4 |
| 2013-11 | -8.5 |
| 2013-10 | -10.1 |
| 2013-09 | -10.4 |
| 2013-08 | -10.7 |
| 2013-07 | -12.3 |
| 2013-06 | -12.0 |
| 2013-05 | -12.3 |
| 2013-04 | -12.3 |
| 2013-03 | -12.0 |
| 2013-02 | -11.9 |
| 2013-01 | -9.8 |
| 2012-12 | -9.2 |
| 2012-11 | -9.6 |
| 2012-10 | -11.0 |
| 2012-09 | -7.6 |
| 2012-08 | -7.8 |
| 2012-07 | -4.3 |
| 2012-06 | -6.0 |
| 2012-05 | -5.6 |
| 2012-04 | -4.2 |
| 2012-03 | -0.7 |
| 2012-02 | -3.4 |
| 2012-01 | 0.5 |
| 2011-12 | -2.3 |
| 2011-11 | -4.3 |
| 2011-10 | -3.0 |
| 2011-09 | -1.6 |
| 2011-08 | -1.5 |
| 2011-07 | -0.3 |
| 2011-06 | 0.5 |
| 2011-05 | 5.1 |
| 2011-04 | 2.4 |
| 2011-03 | 3.5 |
| 2011-02 | 3.3 |
| 2011-01 | -0.1 |
| 2010-12 | 0.0 |
| 2010-11 | -1.1 |
| 2010-10 | -0.9 |
| 2010-09 | -3.1 |
| 2010-08 | -3.8 |
| 2010-07 | -7.7 |
| 2010-06 | -5.4 |
| 2010-05 | -5.7 |
| 2010-04 | -7.8 |
| 2010-03 | -7.5 |
| 2010-02 | -9.0 |
| 2010-01 | -8.5 |
| 2009-12 | -10.1 |
| 2009-11 | -10.1 |
| 2009-10 | -9.4 |
| 2009-09 | -12.4 |
| 2009-08 | -14.4 |
| 2009-07 | -18.5 |
| 2009-06 | -15.4 |
| 2009-05 | -17.8 |
| 2009-04 | -17.7 |
| 2009-03 | -17.1 |
| 2009-02 | -13.1 |
| 2009-01 | -13.1 |
| 2008-12 | -13.8 |
| 2008-11 | -9.6 |
| 2008-10 | -2.7 |
| 2008-09 | 0.3 |
| 2008-08 | 1.5 |
| 2008-07 | 3.4 |
| 2008-06 | 3.2 |
| 2008-05 | 3.4 |
| 2008-04 | 3.9 |
| 2008-03 | 2.6 |
| 2008-02 | 2.1 |
| 2008-01 | 2.2 |
| 2007-12 | 3.0 |
| 2007-11 | 2.7 |
| 2007-10 | 1.3 |
| 2007-09 | 2.3 |
| 2007-08 | 3.2 |
| 2007-07 | 3.4 |
| 2007-06 | 2.1 |
| 2007-05 | 2.9 |
| 2007-04 | 2.2 |
| 2007-03 | 1.5 |
| 2007-02 | 1.1 |
| 2007-01 | 1.8 |
graphiqueExpected prices in services
- Source: INSEE
In March 2024, the balance of opinion on the change in the workforce size over the past three months has improved but remains below its average. Conversely, the one on its expected change over the next three months has deteriorated sharply.
tableauEconomic outlook in the services sector
| Average* | Dec. 2023 | Jan. 2024 | Febr. 2024 | March 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Composite indicator | 100 | 100 | 101 | 100 | 102 |
| General outlook | -7 | -8 | -8 | -7 | -5 |
| Past activity | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
| Expected activity | 2 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
| Expected demand | 0 | -1 | 4 | -1 | 4 |
| Past selling prices | -3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Expected selling prices | -2 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 |
| Past employment | 2 | -4 | -4 | -6 | -3 |
| Past employment except temporary work agencies | 0 | -5 | -3 | -3 | -3 |
| Expected employment | 2 | -3 | 1 | 0 | -6 |
| Expected employment except temporary work agencies | 0 | -2 | -4 | 2 | 1 |
| Economic uncertainty felt** | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 11 |
- * Average since 1989 for the composite indicator and since 1988 for the balances of opinion, except general outlook (June 2000) and uncertainty (April 2021)
- ** Balance of opinion not seasonally adjusted
- Source: INSEE, monthly business survey in services.
The business climate has improved in most sub-sectors of services
In March 2024, the business climate indicator in real estate activities has sharply rebounded and has reached its highest level since May 2023. It remains nevertheless below its average level. The balance of opinion on the general business outlook has risen and those on the expected demand and activity have rebounded.
In information-communication, the business climate has also brightened and has reached its highest level since June 2023. This rise is partly due to the significant rebound in the balances of opinion on the expected activity and on the expected demand. The ones on the general business outlook and on the expected workforce size have increased too but more moderately.
In road freight transport, the business climate indicator has risen but remains nevertheless below its long-term average. The balances of opinion on the expected demand, on the past activity and on the workforce size, past as well as expected, have increased.
In professional, scientific and technical activities, the business climate indicator has slightly improved and has moved just above its long-term average. In particular, the balances of opinion on the general business outlook, on the past workforce size and on the expected demand have increased.
In accommodation and food services, the business climate indicator is stable, at its average. The balance of opinion related to the expected activity has sharply risen, while those on the workforce size, past and expected, have diminished. The one on the general business outlook is stable for its part.
Finally, in administrative and support service activities, the business climate indicator is virtually stable, below its long-term average. The balance of opinion on the general business outlook has slightly risen and the one on the past activity has increased again. In the same time, the one on the past workforce size has rebounded, while the one on the expected workforce size has deteriorated markedly.
tableauBusiness climate composite indicator and balances of opinion by sub-sector in services
| Aggregated classification (NA 2008) at level A21 | Average* | Dec. 2023 | Jan. 2024 | Febr. 2024 | March 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Road transport (8%) | |||||
| Composite indicator | 100 | 91 | 94 | 95 | 97 |
| General outlook | -18 | -34 | -22 | -28 | -25 |
| Past activity | -6 | -33 | -19 | -23 | -17 |
| Expected activity | -7 | -21 | -16 | -10 | -13 |
| Expected demand | -9 | -19 | -20 | -18 | -13 |
| Past employment | -5 | -18 | -16 | -20 | -13 |
| Expected employment | -6 | -17 | -11 | -11 | -6 |
| Accommodation and food service activities (8%) | |||||
| Composite indicator | 100 | 104 | 96 | 100 | 100 |
| General outlook | -13 | -3 | -13 | -9 | -9 |
| Past activity | -7 | -12 | -2 | -7 | 9 |
| Expected activity | -7 | -4 | -19 | -15 | -12 |
| Expected demand | -9 | -5 | -22 | -12 | -17 |
| Past employment | -5 | -13 | -8 | 3 | 2 |
| Expected employment | -6 | -4 | 6 | -3 | -5 |
| Information and communication (29%) | |||||
| Composite indicator | 100 | 104 | 104 | 103 | 106 |
| General outlook | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| Past activity | 8 | 24 | 27 | 12 | 4 |
| Expected activity | 9 | 17 | 17 | 13 | 33 |
| Expected demand | 10 | 14 | 31 | 17 | 30 |
| Past employment | 6 | 0 | -1 | -2 | -1 |
| Expected employment | 10 | 9 | 3 | 7 | 12 |
| Real estate activities (10%) | |||||
| Composite indicator | 100 | 87 | 92 | 91 | 96 |
| General outlook | -4 | -13 | -11 | -11 | -6 |
| Past activity | 6 | -8 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Expected activity | 6 | -5 | 1 | -2 | 0 |
| Expected demand | 1 | -11 | -4 | -8 | 5 |
| Past employment | 3 | -4 | 0 | -3 | -4 |
| Expected employment | 3 | -3 | -3 | 1 | 1 |
| Professional, scientific and technical activities (25%) | |||||
| Composite indicator | 100 | 98 | 101 | 99 | 101 |
| General outlook | -8 | -9 | -4 | -7 | -5 |
| Past activity | -1 | -15 | -10 | -8 | -8 |
| Expected activity | -2 | -4 | -2 | -5 | -1 |
| Expected demand | -5 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 |
| Past employment | 1 | -5 | -2 | -6 | -2 |
| Expected employment | 1 | -1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Administrative and support service activities (18%) | |||||
| Composite indicator | 100 | 100 | 97 | 96 | 95 |
| General outlook | -3 | -2 | -6 | -3 | -1 |
| Past activity | 5 | 0 | -2 | -1 | 4 |
| Expected activity | 5 | 6 | -1 | -5 | -5 |
| Expected demand | 3 | 4 | 0 | -3 | -4 |
| Past employment | 7 | -3 | -5 | -11 | -4 |
| Expected employment | 7 | -1 | 0 | 7 | -16 |
- The figures in parentheses indicate the weights used to aggregate the sub-sector balances of opinion. The “other services” sub-sector is not displayed due to its low weight.
- *Composite indicator: average since 1989 (2006 for road transport); balances of opinion: average since 1988, except general outlook since June 2000 (2006 for road transport)
- Source: INSEE, monthly business survey in services.
Revision
The business climate indicator in services of February 2024 has been revised upwards by one point (after rounding). This revision is mainly due to the integration of late responses from companies.
For further information
The composite indicators of business climate presented here are estimated independently of one another. Thus, that of the whole services cannot be deduced from the others. The same balances of opinion are included into their calculations, but they are not assigned the same weightings. Also, the indicators are scaled to have a long-run average of 100 and a standard deviation of 10. The climate series do not have the same historical beginning, so their standardisation differs slightly. Discrepancies may therefore appear from time to time.
For the three-modality questions, a balance of opinion is calculated as the difference between the weighted percentage of “increase” responses and the weighted percentage of “decrease” responses.
This survey is part of the Joint Harmonised EU Programme of Business and Consumer Surveys, partly funded by the European Commission.
The responses to this survey were collected between 26 February and 18 March 2024.
Additional information (simplified and detailed methodology, nomenclature, etc.) is available on the “Documentation” tab of the web page of this publication.
Next issue: 25 April 2024 at 8:45 am.
Documentation
Changes to business tendency surveys – October 2021 (pdf,181 Ko)
Abbreviated methodology (in French) (pdf,193 Ko)
Pour en savoir plus
The composite indicators of business climate presented here are estimated independently of one another. Thus, that of the whole services cannot be deduced from the others. The same balances of opinion are included into their calculations, but they are not assigned the same weightings. Also, the indicators are scaled to have a long-run average of 100 and a standard deviation of 10. The climate series do not have the same historical beginning, so their standardisation differs slightly. Discrepancies may therefore appear from time to time.
For the three-modality questions, a balance of opinion is calculated as the difference between the weighted percentage of “increase” responses and the weighted percentage of “decrease” responses.
This survey is part of the Joint Harmonised EU Programme of Business and Consumer Surveys, partly funded by the European Commission.
The responses to this survey were collected between 26 February and 18 March 2024.
Additional information (simplified and detailed methodology, nomenclature, etc.) is available on the “Documentation” tab of the web page of this publication.
Next issue: 25 April 2024 at 8:45 am.